John Jay-(Chief Justice U.S) Essays - John Jay,

John Jay-(Chief Justice U.S) John Jay was born on December 12, 1745 in New York City. He was a descendant of early Huguenot and patrician Dutch settlers, who grew up in a comfortable home. He graduated from King's college in 1764 and four years later he began his career as a lawyer. John Jay married Sarah Van Brugh Livingston on April 28, 1774. John Jay was a distinguished statesman and was known as a respected political figure due to his judgement, fairness, and ability to make decisions that he felt were right but were not always popular. After being accepted as a lawyer, Jay later became a New York delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses. There he served as president from 1778 to 1779. Following his term as president, Jay was appointed as U.S minister to Spain. After he returned to the United States, he was informed that he had been chosen as secretary of foreign affairs. While working with the European congresses Jay came to realize that the U.S needed a stronger central government. Along with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, Jay wrote letters to newspapers to urge the ratification of the constitution. In 1789 John Jay was appointed chief justice of the United States by President George Washington. While he was chief justice he traveled to Great Britain to attempt to negotiate settlements of the issues between the two nations. In 1794 George Washington made his last desperate attemt to avoid war when he decided to send John Jay to London. The Jeffersonians were not pleased with this decision. They feared that such a well-known federalist and Britain-lover would "sell out" his country. After his arrival in London, Jay further alarmed the Jeffersonians when at the presentation ceremony he kissed the queen's hand. An American Journal wrote about the so-called betrayal of John Jay to his country, "Hear the voice of truth, hear and believe! John Jay, ah! the arch traitor--seize him, drown him, hang him, burn him, flay him alive! Men of America, he betrayed you with a kiss!" Upon his return to the United States, Jay resigned from his position as chief justice to serve as governor of New York and served two terms. In 1801 he refused further public office and retired to his Bedford, N.Y home, where he died on May 17, 1829. He was one of the last of the revolutionary patriarchs. Many of the procedures adopted by John Jay in his lifetime are still used in todays judicial body.

An Introduction to French Register

An Introduction to French Register Register refers to the level of formality of a given word, expression, grammatical structure, gesture, or means of pronunciation. In French, there are six registers, listed here from most to least formal. 1. Literary/Refined - Littà ©raire/Soutenu Literary French is an extremely formal and elegant language which is nearly always written. When spoken, it tends to be for effect and sounds snobbish or old-fashioned. Poetic French is a subcategory. 2. Formal - Formel Formal French is polite language, both written and spoken. It is used when the speaker doesnt know, wishes to show respect for, or wants to demonstrate distance/coldness toward another person. 3. Normal - Normal The normal register is the largest and most common category of language, what you might call everyday language. Normal French has no particular distinction (neither formal nor informal) and is the language used by and between just about everyone. It includes various subcategories of specialized and technical language, such as administrative, judicial, and scientific jargons. 4. Informal - Familier Informal French expresses closeness and is typically used between friends and family. Baby talk and most apocopes are informal. Although informal French is grammatically correct, it is at the bottom end of what the French call bon usage (correct usage). 5. Familiar - Populaire Familiar French is used between friends and expresses closeness verging on disrespect. Verlan and largonji are subcategories, though their individual words can range from a normal register to slang. 6. Slang (Vulgar)  - Argot (Vulgaire) Slang is vulgar, offensive, and usually insulting language, often related to sex, drugs, or violence. It may be used between friends or enemies. The familiar and vulgar registers are considered non-standard French.

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 3

Strategic Management - Essay Example Specially mentioning, strategic management assists modern business organisations to take effective decisions and conduct activities for attaining success, resulting in attaining superior competitive position and sustaining in the long run (Wells, 2003). In this essay, the views of two different authors of strategic management will be elaborately discussed in order to gain a proper understanding of strategy. The essay intends to explore and compare the views of Mintzberg’s ten schools of thoughts along with Whittington’s four strategic lenses. A proper analysis will be conducted in order to gain insights about the different levels of strategy. According to the views of Michael Porter, strategy is a decision, which includes a conscious approach of performing activities in a different manner from that of the competitors in order to accomplish a viable long-term competitive advantage. Porter states that it is important for the organisations to focus not only on the operational perspectives but also on the strategic activities that tends to be effective in performing effectively in the business markets (Sage Publication, n.d.). Moreover, as per the views of Strickland and Thompson (2003), strategy is described as a managerial process, which is used to form strategic visions, objectives and approaches that are considered to be appropriate in order to accomplish long-term success. It is reflected that a strategy is said to be ineffective without the implementation of proper strategic management. It is often observed that there are various strategies that reflect as quite useful for developing overall business performance, but d oes not succeed in the long-run due to the lack of strategic management initiative. It is noticeable that the success of the organisations is dependable on various factors and thus there exists various levels of strategy for fulfilling the

How to Control and Prevent Delinquency Research Paper

How to Control and Prevent Delinquency - Research Paper Example The increasing number of youth offenders does not stem from a single cause nor a single set of causes. Sociologists agree that social disorganization is one of the most important factors that influence the rate of juvenile delinquency. Thus, in slum areas, where families come from different regions of the country or speak different dialects, where people are constantly on the move, and where diverse cultural standards flourish side by side with little interaction and community solidarity, delinquency is most often found. Some researchers suggest that more often delinquents have parents characterized by drunkenness or criminality, ineffective household management, economic difficulties, and low self-respect. Delinquency often indicates that their families are not concerned about their welfare. Most delinquent children do not experience a real home life. They are left to themselves the whole day with any companion they choose to have. Marriage may be temporarily or permanently broken. Temporarily broken homes refer to the separation of husband and wife caused by war, migration, hospitalization, imprisonment, or employment conditions. Permanently broken homes refer to separation caused by desertion, divorce or legal separation, life imprisonment, or death. Behavioral as well as social scientists express the view that broken homes can create far-reaching problems such as juvenile delinquency, unwed mothers, poverty, etc. Many of the juvenile delinquents here and abroad were found to come from broken homes. But it does not follow that broken homes will surely cause young children and adolescents to go wayward and develop into delinquents. Many separated parents have produced offsprings that climbed into fame. Clear knowledge of the causes of the emergence of youth offenders can naturally lead to a better understanding of how to control and prevent delinquency.  Ã‚  

Scientific experiment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Scientific experiment - Assignment Example The experiment focused on the evidences which are considered to be the products released and consumed during the respiration process. I investigated the effect the high concentration of oxygen can have on the amount of heat released and also the amount of carbon dioxide that could be released. This was also in conjunction with the rapid at which the carbon dioxide was being released. The results of this experiment showed that with an increase in oxygen concentration, there is a rapid increase in the heat energy released and also the amount of carbon dioxide released. The test for carbon dioxide was lime water which turned white on the passage of carbon dioxide. The amount of energy released could be told by the temperature on the bottle (Lambers, 2005) Introduction Energy is the most fundamental driving factor to both the plants and animals. Almost all processes in the bodies of the organisms are initiated and run by energy. These processes range from reproduction, locomotion, fertilization, growth and development. This calls on scientist like me and others in general to clearly show the factors which contribute to the respiration in organisms. It is of essence to note that the experiment went further to give details on the essential elements required in the respiration. Here, it was found out that oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration. Again, glucose or some substrates like starch must be present for respiration to take place. Carbon dioxide was released this was to confirm that it is of less essence for animal though in plants it’s used from the process of photosynthesis. Some environmental factors such as high temperatures and humidity affect the rate of respiration. In a very cold environment, there are fewer activities experienced by the

Participation Of Lac In Decision Making Social Work Essay

Participation Of Lac In Decision Making Social Work Essay Introduction This essay aims to critically evaluate service user involvement specifically for looked after children (LAC). It explores evidence and research that considers the value of listening to the views of children who are looked after; regarding decisions about the care and support they receive. It considers how Leicester City councils procedures enable young people to contribute in decision-making about their care and support, whilst considering any barriers which may hinder effective participation. It also looks at how my work can support this view, whilst considering local and national legislative policies and theoretical frameworks to enhance participation of children and young people to develop care services. Evidence-based social care is a conscientious, explicit and judicious use of evidence in making decisions about the care of children, which is based on skills which allow a social worker to evaluate personal experience and external evidence in a systematic and objective manner (Sackett et al 1997, cited in Smith, 2004:8). Evidence-based approach to decision-making needs to be transparent, accountable and based on consideration of the most compelling evidence. This means adopting an ethical obligation to justify claims to expertise, being transparency with service users about decision-making and how these are formulated. By placing the childrens interests first, an evidence-based social worker may adopt a lifelong learning that involves continually posing specific questions (hypothesis) whilst, searching objectively and efficiently for the current best practice (Gibbs, 2003). Evidence-based approach implies, among other things, the application of the best current evidence, the value of empirically based research findings, the requirement of critical approach for assessment and theories which support evidence informed practice. Therefore, the use of research and evidence to enhance transparency for service users and stakeholders may increase objectivity and fairness in decision-making process. This may increase confidence in the quality of debate around decisions, and lead to effective outcomes for service uses, thereby increasing credibility of services as well as supporting professional development for social workers. Evidence and research finding in participation of LAC in decision-making and developing care services The term participation is a broad and multi-layered concept used to describe many different processes. It covers the level, focus and content of decision-making as well as the nature of the participatory activity, frequency and duration of participation and children participation (Kirby et al., 2003). The level and nature of participation may vary. It may mean merely taking part, being present, being involved or consulted in decision-making or a transfer of power in order for the views of participants to have an influence on decisions (Boyden and Ennew, 1997). The focus of childrens participation also varies, with the participation of children and young people in matters which affect them as individuals and as a group (Franklin and Sloper, 2004:4). The participation of children and young people in decisions that affect them as individuals means taking into account their wishes, feelings and their perspectives. Procedures such as, assessment, care planning and LAC review meetings, child protection conferences or complaints are there to achieve this. The Children Act 1989 provides assessment for greater involvement of children and young people in decision-making. The participation of children in matters relating to them as a group can be through local and national identification, development, provision, monitoring or evaluation of services and policies (Franklin and Sloper, 2004:5). This may be achieved through consultation exercises and research, involvement of children and young people in management committees, advisory groups, youth forums, partnerships and community initiatives or in the delivery of community services by acting as mentors, counsellors, volunteers or workers (Sinclair and Franklin, 2000). Research and evidence suggest that children and young people should be involved in making decisions that affect them. This is reflected in law, government guidance as well as in various regulations and policies. Increasingly, children are identified as a group in their own right. In 1991, the UK ratified the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child (Child Convention), which grants children and young people the rights to participate in decision-making. Article 12 of the Child Convention provides that Children have the right to say what they think should happen when adults are making decisions that affect them, and to have their opinions taken into account. This may not necessarily mean that children and young people should directly make those decisions, rather that adults involve them in the decision-making process. The Care Standards Act 2000 highlights the importance of childrens participation in decision-making. Looked after children are entitled and should be encouraged to participate in the decision making-process. Policy documents and research relating to services for LAC and young people indicate the importance of their participation in decision-making both in policy-making as well as in practice. Research studies have emphasised the value of engaging with the perspectives of LAC (Thomas and Beckford, 1999; OQuigley, 2000). New initiatives from the Government such as the LAC Materials, Quality Protects, the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, the Common Assessment Framework as well as other associated practice guides and non-governmental organisations have carried the same message (Jackson and Kilroe, 1996; Department of Health et al, 2000; Department of Health, 2002; Department for Education and Skills, 2004; Jenkins and Tudor, 1999; Horwath, 2000; British Association of Social Workers, 2003). Standard textbooks on social work with children and families as well as specialist texts on particular areas of practice have emphasised not only the desirability of listening to LAC but also in many cases their right to inclusion (Brandon et al, 1998; Butler and Roberts, 1997, Gilligan, 2001; Wheal, 2002). Evidence and research are implemented in practice, particularly in the agencies that actually look after children and young people, the decision-making processes involving looked after children and in interactions between those children and adults. However, some indication may also be gained from social workers directly involved in interpreting evidence and research findings and applying them into their practice (Thomas, 2005). This can be evaluated in terms of looking at the organisations policies and procedures for looked after children in decision-making process, involving LAC to give advice of how to include them with planning and review meetings and service planning, such as supporting them to access independent advocacy, and give them opportunities to meet together, meet with their friends, and support their voice, for example to make complaints and to include their views when writing and recording decisions about them. However, social worker may be described as making significant efforts to listen to children and young people, but the children and young people may necessarily feel that their voices are being heard. A study has found that whereas adults see listening in terms of paying respectful attention to what children and young people have to say, children and young people feel that listening is demonstrated by the delivery of services that accord with their expressed wishes (McLeod, 2006). Also, whilst adults regard the role of social worker as providing emotional support and therapeutic intervention, many children and young people regard their role as providing practical support combined with promotion of their self-determination (McLeod, 2006). These findings have implications for childcare social work. Participation of LAC in decision-making in Leicester City Council Leicester City Councils policy and guidance emphasise on the importance to involve children in the decision-making process in line with their age and understanding. Staff, carers, parents and children are informed about this policy through handbooks, workshops and interagency training events. Parents are informed by social workers, either formal, informal or both. The Leicester City Council Young Peoples Charter states that young people have the right to be listened to, have their view taken seriously and to be involved in decisions that affect them. Leicester City Council has also a Children and Young Peoples Strategic Partnership (2007) which is committed to involve and consult as many children, young people and their families as possible. The aim of this participation strategy is to enable children, young people and families to participate in decision-making process, service review and delivery as well as to influence policies and decisions that affect them. Leicester City Council has a policy which actively promotes the involvement of LAC in planning and review meetings. As a department, it has legal responsibilities as corporate parents. The policy encourages LAC to attend any meeting where their Care Plan will be discussed and decision made about their lives. However, some children or young people I have been working with feel that whether or not they attend the LAC planning and review meetings does not really make a difference because they consider those meetings to be merely procedural. A study has found that many children and young people find the review meetings as still alienating, uncomfortable, negative and boring process (Voice for the Child in Care, 2004, 51). The decision-making process may prioritise the best interests of the child, which may not necessarily represent what the child may consider to be his/her best interest on his/her own world. Planning and review meetings for LAC are chaired by an independent person, who has a duty to ensure that the views and feelings of children and young people are taken into account. However decision has to be made procedurally to meet the goals of the local authority, which may not take into account the needs of the child. Leicester City Council promotes the use of independent advocacy services for LAC, and makes provisions with representation when they make complaints. Leicester City Councils Children Rights and Participation Services works independently to ensure that children and young people participate in decision-making that affect them and that they are fully represented in their complaints. However, the independence of this Service may be questionable. The head of the Service is responsible to the head of Safeguarding Services Department who is also responsible to the Director of Children Services, who may influence the Department in performing its functions. Leicester City Council provides opportunities for LAC to meet together. This is done through a Children Forum within the organisation which organises different activities, such as dramas, role plays, and singing to enable them to express their feelings. The Children Forum also has a looked after children football team led by a youth worker who is attached to the LAC Services. Leicester City Council has policy guidance which requires prior permission from children to stay with friends overnight. However, there can be conflicts of interests when considering Frazer/Gillick competence of young peoples voices. Firstly, the process of performing checks may take time as it involves collecting information relating to the host, some of which may not be available before the proposed date of visit. This delay may cause the child or young person to feel that his/her wishes are not being considered and may also raise the childs level of anxiety. Secondly, young persons from another authority without checking requirements may be placed in the same placement with those from Leicester City Council. Those from Leicester City Council might feel not only that there are double standards, but they may also lose their trust to the social worker involved in granting the permission. Children who have taken part in research meetings have resented that their ordinary social contacts were obstructed by requirements to get a special permission, or even police clearance, before they could stay overnight with their friends, and wanted their carers to be able to make these decisions unimpeded (Thomas and OKane, 1998). As a social worker, it therefore, important to be aware of legislative and guidance requirements of participation as well as understand the benefits of participation. As Kirby et al (2003) pointed out the fact that participation is part of the law or a public policy is not enough to convince social workers to engage in the work of children and young people. However, there are obstacles to the inclusion of LAC and young people in decision-making process. These include the lack of staff and time caused by high case loads and other demands such as child protection work, court reports, and core assessments. There is also a lack of a common understanding of participation and this can be confusing for a social worker when working with other agencies with different understandings. Also, it may not cost a penny to listen to children and young people, but it cost money to ensure a development of an effective participation (Kirby, 2003). Organisations rarely dedicate a budget for participation (Cutler and Taylor, 2003). The notion of childrens participation in decision-making pertains to all children as a social group. However, historically, childrens participation has tended to focus on children in need. As a result, childrens participation has often been associated with forms of multiple disadvantage and social exclusion. LAC falls into the category of marginalised groups of children and young people. Young People with difficult life experiences are likely to have less confidence and self-esteem to participate in decision-making. For those who had their views and feelings not taken into account in the past, they are likely to be less motivated to participate in LAC planning and review meetings. If the past difficult experiences resulted from mistreatment by adults, they are likely not to trust the current adults intentions to engage them in participation. LAC may be subject to negative assumptions and stereotypes which may affect their full participation in decisions making (McNeish, 1999). Enhancing the participation of LAC in decision-making It is a good practice for carers to be empowered to make decisions for LAC wanting to stay with friends overnight, provided that they are able to assess the situation and make those decisions as if they were their own biological children. There should be a policy that explicitly allows for delegation to carers. For example, the Welsh Assembly Government has issued a guidance which makes it clear that criminal records checks should not be sought before an overnight stay, that decisions should in most circumstances be delegated to foster parents and residential care staff, and that looked after children should as far as possible be granted the same permissions to take part in such acceptable age appropriate peer activities as would reasonably be granted by the parents of their peers (National Assembly for Wales Circular NAFWC 50/2004). Planning and review meetings should be chaired by a totally independent person, not someone employed by Leicester City council. One may argue that this may cause tension between independence provided by an outside Chair and the risk of alienating the child by having a stranger at their review. However, a chair coming within the organisation may not be fully independent as s/he may also be under a duty to promote the vision and goals of the organisation which may conflict with his/her role. There is a need for an effective definition of participation which encompasses an understanding of participation as an activity and as a process aiming at achieving positive outcomes for LAC, young people and organisations. Establishing a shared definition of participation can be a challenge, but once identified, it can benefit the organisations in terms of being consistence in the participation of children and young people in decision-making. There is a need for participation work to be adequately resourced in a long term basis as this will enable change (Robson, et al, 2003). Alternatively, the current budget should ensure that it is resourced to the participation of children and young people, particularly LAC. Maybe consideration to the times of day for young people should be taking into account, when holding review meetings, and not having as many people attending, which could be intimidating. Perhaps the local authority could consider using text messages or social networks to get real feedback about the views of young people. Perhaps to work in a more child centred way the process of participation may have more meaning to the child or young person, rather than being a process driven exercise. Conclusion There is plenty evidence and research findings on participation of LAC in decision-making and developing care services. They range from legislation, participation guidance, researches to academic works. All these influence social workers in practice. Leicester City Council attaches importance to the participation of LFC in decision-making. Nonetheless, participation of LAC means that children should be actively involved in the decision-making that affects them; and the adults who have the responsibility for these children should ensure that their views and wishes are listened to and represented in decision-making. REFERECES Boyden, J. and Ennew, J. (1997) Children in Focus. A manual for participatory research with children. Stockholm: RÃ ¤dda Barnen Brandon M, Schofield G and Trinder L, (1998) Social Work with Children, Basingstoke: Macmillan Butler I and Roberts G, (1997) Social Work with Children and Families: Getting into practice, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Culter, D. and Taylor, A. (2003) Expanding and Sustaining Involvement: a Snapshot of Participation Infrastructure for Young People Living in England, London: Carnegie Young People Initiative Department for Education and Skills (2004) Integrated Childrens System London: The Stationary Office Department of Health (2002) Listening, Hearing and Responding (Department of Health Action Plan: Core principles for the involvement of children and young people, available at http://www.longtermventilation.nhs.uk/_Rainbow/Documents/Listening,%20Hearing,%20responding%20to%20Children..pdf [accessed on 7/11/2012] Department of Health, et al, (2000) Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, London: The Stationery Office Franklin, A and Sloper, P. (2004) Participation of Disabled Children and Young People in Decision-Making Within Social Services Departments, Quality Protect Research Initiatives, Interim Report York: The University of York Gibbs, L., (2003) Evidence-Based Practice for the Helping Professions: A Practical Guide with Integrated Multimedia, Brooks: Pacific Grove Gilligan R, Promoting Resilience: A resource guide on working with children in the care system, London: BAAF, 2001 Horwath J (ed) (2000), The Childs World: Assessing children in need, London: Jessica Kingsley Kirby, P. and Bryson, S. (2002) Measuring the Magic? Evaluating and Researching Young Peoples Participation in Public Decision-Making London: Carnegie Young People Initiative Kirby, P, et al (2003) Building a Culture of Participation, London: Department for Education and Skills Jackson S and Kilroe S (eds) (1996), Looking After Children: Good parenting, good outcomes, Reader, London: HMSO Jenkins J and Tudor K, (1999) Being Creative with Assessment and Action Records, Tonypandy: Rhondda Cynon Taff Borough Council Leicester City Council (2007) Leicester City Children ad Young Peoples Strategic Partnership: Participation Strategy Leicester: Leicester City Council McLeod, A., (2006) Respect or Empowerment? Alternative Understandings of Listening in Childcare Social Work Adoption and Fostering, Vol. 30, pp. 43-52 OQuigley A, (2000) Listening to Childrens Views: The findings and recommendations of recent research, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000 McNeish, D. (1999) From Rhetoric to Reality: Participatory Approaches to health Promotion with Young People, London: Health Education Authority Robson, P., et al (2003) Increasing User Involvement in Voluntary Organisation, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation Sinclair, R. and Franklin, A. (2000) Young Peoples Participation, Quality Protects Research Briefing, No.3. London: Department of Health Smith, D (2004) Social Work and Evidence based Practice: Research Highlights in Social Work, London: Jessica Kingsley Publisher Thomas, N., (2005) Has anything really changed? Managers views of looked after childrens participation in 1997 and 2004 Adopting and Fostering, Vol. 29, pp. 67-77 Thomas C, and Beckford V, (1999) Adopted Children Speaking, London: BAAF Thomas N and OKane C. (1998), What makes me so different? Community Care 1253 Voice for the Child in Care, (2004) Start with the Child, Stay with the Child: A blueprint for a child-centred approach to children and young people in public care, London: Voice for the Child in Care Wheal A (ed.) (2002), The RHP Companion to Leaving Care, Lyme Regis: Russell House Publishing

D-day :: World War II

D-day I think the reson the d-day operation was sucsessfull was because of deception. It was 1944, and by this time the united states had been "in the war" aginst germany for threee years and the british had been in for almost six years. Alot of people dont know that there were many beachs that were seiged that same day that usaully dont get meantioned. the two that were the most importante that most people focuos on were the Omaha and utah beach beacuase of so many american solgers flooded those beachs and they had alot of casulties. Most of the other beachs were tackin with minamal casulties. over the next couple of hours the men on the beachs had to go though hell. The "allied invaders" had to tack these beach they played a huge role in the over all sucsees of the operation. Before the landing the german beachs had to be preped by bombing by air by the united states bombers that with 1,000 ships droped 5,000 tons of bombs. The beachs were also softened up by the united states battel ships bombarding the beachs. Although fewer Allied ground troops went ashore on D-Day than on the first day of the earlier invasion of Sicily, the invasion of Normandy was in total history's greatest water to land operation, involving on the first day 5,000 ships, the largest "armada" ever assembled; 11,000 aircraft (following months of preliminary bombardment); and approximately 154,000 British, Canadian and American soldiers, including 23,000 arriving by parachute and glider. The invasion also involved a long-range deception plan on a scale the world had never before seen and the clandestine operations of tens of thousands of Allied resistance fighters in Nazi-occupied countries of western Europe. American General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named supreme commander for the allies in Europe. British General, Sir Frederick Morgan, established a combined American-British headquarters known as COSSAC, for Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander. COSSAC developed a number of plans for the Allies, most notable was that of Operation Overlord, a full scale invasion of France across the English Channel. Eisenhower felt that COSSAC's plan was a good operation. After reviewing the disastrous hit-and-run raid in 1942 in Dieppe, planners decided that the strength of German defenses required not a number of separate assaults by relatively small units but an intense concentration of power in a single main landing.

IP Subnetting

As part of your assigned readings and material covered in your class lecture, you have learned about IP subnetting including the math involved. For this assignment, you will answer questions relating to IP subnetting.Resources: Textbook Lecture materials and notesDeliverables Answer the questions in the following section. Turn in your responses to your instructor. Be sure to show your work, meaning your steps to convert binary to decimal, etc.Questions: 1. How many bits of mask are required to provide 30 host addresses? 27 Mask=255.255.255.2242. How many networks will be created using a 255.255.0.0 given a class A IP network (i.e., 10.0.0.0)? 2563. What would be the dotted decimal equivalent o the slash notation of /30? 255.255.255.2524. What would be the dotted decimal equivalent o the slash notation of /8? 255.0.0.05. What would be the dotted decimal equivalent o the slash notation of /17? 255.255.128.06. What would be the dotted decimal equivalent o the slash notation of /12? 255. 240.0.07. Given 9 bits of mask for the host portion, how many host addresses are available? 5108. Given 13 bits of mask for the host portion, how many host addresses are available? 81909. Given 3 bits of mask for the host portion, how many host addresses are available? 610. Given 8 bits of mask for the network portion, how many subnets are available? 102411. Given 4 bits of mask for the network portion, how many subnets are available? 819212. Explain the reasoning behind the concept of â€Å"subnet zero.†Prior to Cisco IOS Software Release 12.0, the ip subnet-zero global configuration command was required to be able to configure subnet zero on an interface, but in v12.0 this command became part of the default configuration and is now utilized in network addressing.13. For a network address, what does the host portion of the address appear as in binary representation? 014. For a broadcast address, what does the host portion of the address appear as in binary representation? 25 515. Complete the table below: IP Address Dotted Decimal Subnet Mask Broadcast Address8.2.6.5/16 255.255.0.0 8.2.255.255 133.3.103.9/25 255.255.255.128 133.3.103.125 192.168.9.67/26 255.255.255.192 192.168.9.61 4.3.222.9/20 255.255.240.0 4.3.15.255 192.168.9.67/26 255.255.255.192 192.168.9.61Use the following pages to show your work for Question 15 or any other question.IP Subnetting Work:IP Subnetting Work:

Yes or No to Mandatory Vaccinations

Yes or No to Mandatory Vaccinations Should vaccinations be mandatory for children entering school? At the present time, all fifty states in the United States require children entering public school to be vaccinated. However, no federal vaccination laws exist (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? ). Many parents hold religious beliefs against vaccination. Forcing such parents to vaccinate their children would violate the First Amendment, which guarantees citizens the right to the free exercise of their religion.Others believe that common childhood vaccinations may cause rare, yet serious reactions. Proponents of mandatory vaccination argue that the risk of not being vaccinated far outweighs the small risk associated with vaccination. Preventable diseases like measles and mumps can cause permanent disability and death. In 1991, an outbreak of measles in an unvaccinated group of children in Philadelphia caused seven deaths (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Pro). Children infected with mumps can become permanently deaf.Although a very small number of deaths from the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine have been reported, the most common adverse reactions are minor soreness and or fever. Vaccines can eradicate disease and prevent serious illness and death. Mandatory vaccination has eliminated disease that once killed thousands of children, such as polio and smallpox. According to the researchers at the Pediatric Academic Society, childhood vaccinations in the United States prevent about 10. million cases of infectious illness and 33,000 deaths per year (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? ). They believe that most childhood vaccines are 90-99% effective in preventing disease (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Pro). When children who have been vaccinated do contract a disease, despite being vaccinated against it, they usually have milder symptoms with less serious complications than an un-vaccinated child who gets the same diseas e.Since some individuals who have been vaccinated may still get sick when exposed to infected individuals, 75%-94% of the population (depending on the disease) must be vaccinated to achieve â€Å"herd immunity† (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Pro). When herd immunity is achieved, the number of immunized individuals is high enough to prevent the spread of disease through the population. Even when diseases seem to no longer exist, outbreaks can still occur if children are not vaccinated.In Boulder, Colorado, fear over possible side effects of the whooping-cough (pertussis) vaccine led many parents to refuse vaccination for their children, causing Boulder to have the lowest school-wide vaccination rate in Colorado for whooping-cough, and one of the highest rates of whooping-cough in the United States as of 2002 (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Pro). However there are certainly concerns about vaccinations. According to a 2010 survey by the University of Michigan, 31% of parents believe that they should have the right to refuse mandated school entry vaccinations for their children (ProCon. rg, Children Vaccinations, Con). They believe that vaccines are often unnecessary in many cases where the threat of death from the disease is small. During the early nineteenth century, death from childhood diseases, such as, whooping-cough, measles, and scarlet fever, fell dramatically even before immunization became available (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Con). This decreased mortality has been attributed to improve personal hygiene, water purification, effective sewage disposal, and better food hygiene and nutrition, not immunization.Many against mandatory vaccination believe that vaccinations interfere with natural law and God’s plan for humanity. They believe that disease is a natural occurrence and humans should not interfere. Vaccines can trigger autoimmune disorders. An un-vaccinated child can build and strengthen his immune system through fi ghting off infection and can develop a natural immunity to diseases like measles and chickenpox. Vaccines could create an artificial immunity which weakens the immune system, leaving the child more vulnerable to other diseases and infections.Opponents of mandatory vaccination believe that vaccines are created for primarily to generate profit for manufacturers and medical organizations that endorse vaccinations. While the economic slant is bothersome to those opposing mandatory vaccines, their side of the argument is fueled by claims paid under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program in the United States Court of Federal Claims between 1988 and 2009, which has awarded compensation to 1,322 families whose children suffered brain damage from vaccines (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? . About 30,000 cases of adverse reactions to vaccines have been reported to the federal government since 1990 (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? ). Only 13% of tho se cases were classified as serious, i. e. permanent disability, hospitalization, life-threatening illness, or death (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? ). Should parents have the right to determine whether their child should have mandatory vaccinations, or should the government have the right to decide whether vaccinations are in the best interest of national health?It has been proven that vaccinations can help eliminate diseases that once killed thousands of children. There is still the thought that any risk to a child from immunization is not worth taking, especially considering that most diseases vaccinated against are not necessarily life threatening. The â€Å"slippery slope† seems to be whether the government should have the right to interfere with First Amendment rights.

Free Essays on The Color Purple

Alice Walker, the author of The Color Purple, was born on February 1st, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She excelled in most things she did as the valedictorian of her high school and she even received the Pulitzer Prize in 1983 for The Color Purple. Alice Walker confronts some incredibly controversial yet quite American themes and problems in this story. The tale takes us through the difficult times for the African American women in our country during the early 1900’s. These women had it harder than most and they are admired in many ways. This U.S. author tells a particularly American novel on a woman in this country (her birthplace) and the rigorous troubles she faced. Although the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1877 and Celie lived in the early twentieth century, African Americans were still extremely discriminated against during this time. In addition, women were discriminated against as well. Women were thought as the weaker sex. They were not even granted suffrage until 1920 under President Woodrow Wilson. Celie had the double threat. In the story, â€Å"Mr.† beats Celie up and she is never allowed to talk back. She is just expected to follow his orders. Even though Alice Walker did not live until the end of when this book takes place, many of these things still occurred during her life. Alice Walker felt that this was an awfully hard time for people like her, and so she wanted to acknowledge how oppressed upon they were. This entire novel revolves around the time period that the character was in. Alice Walker writes in a feminist Afrocentricism genre. Basically, she portrays African American woman in all of her stories. Feminism, simply stated by Feminist Utopia is â€Å"the theory that men and women should be equal politically, economically, and socially†. Afrocentricism is just a way for the culture to reclaim their history and culture. Alice Walker shows this is in her novel The Color Purple. Nettie shows Afrocentricism by goin... Free Essays on The Color Purple Free Essays on The Color Purple Alice Walker, the author of The Color Purple, was born on February 1st, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She excelled in most things she did as the valedictorian of her high school and she even received the Pulitzer Prize in 1983 for The Color Purple. Alice Walker confronts some incredibly controversial yet quite American themes and problems in this story. The tale takes us through the difficult times for the African American women in our country during the early 1900’s. These women had it harder than most and they are admired in many ways. This U.S. author tells a particularly American novel on a woman in this country (her birthplace) and the rigorous troubles she faced. Although the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1877 and Celie lived in the early twentieth century, African Americans were still extremely discriminated against during this time. In addition, women were discriminated against as well. Women were thought as the weaker sex. They were not even granted suffrage until 1920 under President Woodrow Wilson. Celie had the double threat. In the story, â€Å"Mr.† beats Celie up and she is never allowed to talk back. She is just expected to follow his orders. Even though Alice Walker did not live until the end of when this book takes place, many of these things still occurred during her life. Alice Walker felt that this was an awfully hard time for people like her, and so she wanted to acknowledge how oppressed upon they were. This entire novel revolves around the time period that the character was in. Alice Walker writes in a feminist Afrocentricism genre. Basically, she portrays African American woman in all of her stories. Feminism, simply stated by Feminist Utopia is â€Å"the theory that men and women should be equal politically, economically, and socially†. Afrocentricism is just a way for the culture to reclaim their history and culture. Alice Walker shows this is in her novel The Color Purple. Nettie shows Afrocentricism by goin...

Fast Food Industry Marketing Towards Children Essay

Fast Food Industry Marketing Towards Children - Essay Example This essay deeple analyzes not only fast-food market and it's effects on everyday life of children, but also focuses on political and philosophical purposes of such market. The political agenda brings us to identify â€Å"problems† with capitalism: the creation of multinational conglomerates that â€Å"don’t care about its customers†. These require us to ask if the â€Å"harms† this food present morally require government regulation and censorship. Advertising, that is discussed in this essay simply does not have the coercive power which critics allege. Marketing cannot force products upon the innocent, vulnerable, and gullible children. It may be useful to distinguish the advertisement—a simple statement of words—from action in a purchase. The nature of advertising and marketing precludes any possibility of coercion when it comes to persuading children to convince their parents to buy them products which, if used in excess, can be incidental ly harmful. The blame for childhood obesity rates lies with parents and those who control what children eat. The absurdity of the claim that a corporation, constantly concerned with what is necessary for maintaining its very existence, is responsible for what children eat is so obviously absurd that it need not be discussed. In conclusion, claims about marketing to children rely on untenable philosophical doctrines like determinism, misconceptions of persuasive advertising, and mischaracterizations of the adolescent human being are discussed.

McDonalds Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

McDonalds Business Strategy - Essay Example This essay introducts the reader to McDonald's corporative history, it's global strategy success ass well as other business strategies. Today, McDonald’s is considered as the world’s No. 1 fast-food company with more than 31,000 restaurants across 120 countries particularly in US, Europe, APMEA, Latin America, and Canada. The success of McDonald’s going global strategy is reflected with its 5.7% increase in global sales as of January 2008. In this essay SWOT analysis as well as Porter’s Five Forces model and Related Key Points were used to demonstrate corporative strengths and weaknesses. However, this essay not only focuses on McDonalds itself, but also analyzes McCafà ¨'s as being one of the world's biggest coffee retailer. With the use of SWOT analysis and Porter’s Competitive Forces Model, the researcher will examine the business status of McCafà ¨ within the global coffee industry. The researcher also tries to promote franchising option to business people and even suggests some operational strategies for McCafà ¨. Prior to the conclusion, the researcher will propose an appropriate strategic plan for McCafà ¨s. These strategic plans mainly focusses on Merger and Acquisitions (M&A) strategies, using of organic food products and entering into a joint-venture contract. In conclusion, the researcher suggests that by maintaining a good quality customer service, McCafà ¨ could provide its customers a pleasant atmosphere wherein friends and families could meet for a fresh cup of good quality coffee experiences.