The Mayan Civilization And The Maya Empire - 1677 Words

The Mayan civilization or the Maya Empire, centered in the tropical lowlands of what is now Guatemala, reached the peak of its power and influence around the sixth century A.D. The Maya excelled at agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph writing, calendar-making and mathematics, and left behind an astonishing amount of impressive architecture and symbolic artwork. Most of the great stone cities of the Maya were abandoned by A.D. 900. The Maya civilization was one of the most dominant indigenous societies of Mesoamerica. Unlike other scattered indigenous populations of Mesoamerica, the Maya were centered in one geographical block covering all of the Yucatan Peninsula and modern-day Guatemala; Belize and parts of the Mexican states of Tabasco and Chiapas; and the western part of Honduras and El Salvador. This concentration showed that the Maya remained relatively secure from invasion by other Mesoamerican peoples. Within that expanse, the Maya lived in three separate sub-areas with distinct environmental and cultural differences: the northern Maya lowlands on the Yucatan Peninsula; the southern lowlands in the Peten district of northern Guatemala and adjacent portions of Mexico, Belize and western Honduras; and the southern Maya highlands, in the mountainous region of southern Guatemala. The earliest Maya settlements date to around 1800 B.C., or the beginning of what is called the Preclassic or Formative Period. The Middle Preclassic Period also saw the rise of the first majorShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics Of The Mayan Civilizations733 Words   |  3 Pagesof civilizations. Three major ones are the Aztec, Maya, and Inca . These different civilizations play a very important role in history today. The Maya empire was highly skilled at building and architecture. They also were the only empire in mesoamerica to develop a complete writing system. The Maya were also highly skilled at agriculture and farming. The Maya were by far the most advanced and smart civilization. The Maya empire was very precise and exact when it came to architecture. Mayans builtRead MoreEnd of Mayan Civilization1143 Words   |  5 PagesEnd of Mayan Civilization Samuel Nathaniel H. Stansbury HUM 111 11/3/2012 The mystery concerning the fundamental explanation for the collapse of the Mayan Civilization has been a major focus for researchers in the fields of anthropology and archeology for a considerable period of time. At the very core of this mystery of the Mayan collapse was the question of how could such a strong, stable civilization that had flourished for approximately twenty-seven hundred years disappear without a clearRead MoreThe Fall of the Mayan Empire Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pages The fall of the Mayan Empire The collapse of the Mayan Empire is one of history’s greatest mysteries. It was one of the most advanced and developed civilizations of its time period, reining during the Pre-Classic period and into the Classic and Post-Classic Periods (2000 B.C. – 900 A.D.). The territory stretched from the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, down to modern day El Salvador in Central America. Its achievements were monumental for the era, being the first empire communicating with the useRead MoreThe Ancient Civilization1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe intrigue of The Mayans has always existed through the telling of their ritualistic practices or their calendar, but the fall of such an advanced civilization is perhaps the most intriguing story of all.To understand what causes great civilizations, it is vital to note the process of collapse in other civilizations, such as the great Roman Empire. Differences in time period, geographical landscapes, and other circumstances mean no direct correlati ons are possible, but the outstanding point ofRead MoreDbq 9: Civilizations of the Americas1258 Words   |  6 PagesDBQ 9: Civilizations of the Americas The Mayan, Aztec and Incan civilizations each contributed major accomplishments to the world today. These accomplishments established them as advanced societies during their time. The Incans built a large road system, devised a complex irrigation system and developed their own language. The Mayans constructed the largest structure known until modern times, made drastic accomplishments in mathematics, studied astronomy and formed a calendar. The Aztecs builtRead MoreAnalysis Of Laura Gilpin s Life1617 Words   |  7 Pagesshed light on fading Mayan culture, as well as the beautiful ruins of Chichen Itza. This once great center of the Mayan empire is essential to understanding the esteem of the Mayan people. Additionally, The Rio Grand: River of Destiny, was a collection that studied the great river and the inhabitants along its banks. This book debuted the following year in 1949. Although Gilpin’s career focused primarily on Native American life, I researched her photography from 1948 on Mayan culture, and choseRead MoreThe Aztecs Werelocated In Mexico, Built On A Series Of1180 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence today s society in such fields as education and pharmacology. The Aztec empire was one of the first to require mandatory education for its children. The Maya are an indigenous people of Mexico and Central America who have continuously inhabited the lands comprising modern-day Yucatà ¡n, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas in Mexico and southward through Guatemala,Belize, El Salvador and Honduras. Maya of Yucatan and Guatemala exhibited a cultural continuity spanning more than 2,000Read MoreEconomy in Early American Civilizations: Maya, Aztecs and Inca865 Words   |  4 Pagessocieties were very similar. One of these societies, the Mayans, lived in southern Mexico and northern Central America from the 3rd to the 10th century CE, and they relied on the trade of goods such as obsidian and crops such as cacao beans. Another American civilization was the Aztec civilization. They were located in the Valley of Mexico around the 13th to 16th century CE, and they used slash-and-burn farming to plant crops to trade. The Inca Empire existed from the 13th to the 16th century CE alongRead MoreThe Decline Of The Mayan Civilizatio n1143 Words   |  5 PagesThe early Mayan civilization had lowly beginnings. They rose to remarkable heights in a seemingly inhospitable land. As Maya scholar Arthur Demarest said â€Å"Such a civilization, had no business there.† The Mayans had to battle with torrential rain in the rainy season, and when the weather turned hot, it scorched the land and their water supplies would plummet. They were always faced with floods or drought. They were probably forced here due to overcrowding from other tribes. But nonetheless they beganRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of The Mayan Civilization1018 Words   |  5 Pagesof rainfall, and agriculture. (Judge Langdon, 2012) The Mesoamericans, Aztec and Mayan tribes, developed into complex civilizations for multiple reasons. These societies were advanced and complex for their time in areas, such as architecture, agriculture, militarism, and education. Each had unique religion and political systems as well. The rise and fall of both were du e to several factors. The Mayan civilization society was very complex and intelligent; rising to become very influential to people

Sex Education in Schools - 657 Words

Sex Education in Schools Nineteen-fifty five marked the debut of sex education programs in schools in the United States. Along the years, many have argued whether or not sex education should be taught in schools. Many believe that the education of sex encourages students to engage in sexual activities which lead to a higher number of pregnancies and sexual transmitted diseases (STD’s).The U.S. is the leading country in teen pregnancies and STD’s As the number of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases climbs higher and higher every day in our country, one can only think that sexual education is a necessity in our school systems. Young people, teens, account for 25% of our country’s sexually active population and contract half of said population’s STD’s. Teens as young as fourteen years old have admitted to already engaging in sexual activities. No teen should be engaging in such acts at that age. Many schools give parents the choice to have their child opt out of the lesson or class. Few states are required to teach sex education to students in secondary schools unless they were withdrawn from the class by their parents. As a teenager, I firmly believe that sex education should be taught in schools because students need to be educated. Many parents don’t address this topic at home, so school is the best opportunity. States that require sex education programs mandate that all students participate in these programs unless their parents decide to opt them out.Show MoreRelatedSex Education in Public Schools1188 Words   |  5 PagesSex education should be taught in public middle schools because: it decreases the chance of sexual diseases and teenage pregnancies, it is needed in case of a parents’ absence or neglect, and it also provides more knowledge about how sex works while debunking the myths surrounding sexual intercourse, and it makes some want to set goals for relationships. People say sex education encourages youth to engage in sexual activities rather than preventing sex. This is true; however, studies show that whenRead MoreIs Sex Education Necessary in School?1123 Words   |  5 PagesIs Sex Education Necessary in School? By: Zainul Jum’ah Introducing sex education in the schools of India is an important issue. A 2007 ministry of women and child development study shows that over 50 percent of children are sexually abused. Sex is still considered a taboo in India. Parents feel embarrassed to talk openly with their children in this regard. Due to the ignorance of sex education they fall victim to AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Many NGOs are trying to create awarenessRead MoreSex Education For Public Schools1426 Words   |  6 PagesSex Education Research Paper Sex education being taught in public schools is a reoccurring topic in many schools. More recently, it has also caught the attention of the public again due to rising unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted disease among young teenagers in the US over the last decade or so. â€Å"Each year, U.S. teens experience as many as 850,000 pregnancies, and youth under age 25 experience about 9.1 million sexually transmitted infections† (McKeon). Sex Education is attempting toRead MoreEducation Of Single Sex Schools And Co Education Schools1103 Words   |  5 PagesEducation System in the UK Education is an important tool that is applied in the contemporary world to succeed, as it mitigates the challenges which are faced in life. The knowledge gained through education enables individuals’ potential to be optimally utilized owing to training of the human mind. This opens doors of opportunities enables individual to achieve better prospects in career growth. The education system generally and in the UK specifically is divided into four main parts,Read More Sex Education in School Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pages Sex is something that almost everyone will experience before they die. It is a subject that has been debated about for years. From the debate over birth control to the outbreak of aids. With all this history behind us, sex is becoming even more of an issue. With the new outbreaks of sexually transmitted diseases and the fact that sexually active persons are becoming younger, sex has now become a daily topic. Sex scandals in the media and t alk such as who slept with who at last nights kegRead MoreSex Education And Public Schools Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiences, sex education in public schools, and abortion. The first two topics, virginity and first sexual experiences, coming from a personal perspective as well as some credible sources. I will also include the historical aspects of virginity, the creation and use of the concept, and why it’s in our society. The last topic is my concern for the lack of sex education in public schools and mentioning the harm of abstinence only sex education and the importance to provide comprehensive education for ourRead MoreEssay on Sex Education in Schools1677 Words   |  7 Pagesthem for the future. Children learn from parents, schools, life experiences, what they watch and other influences around them, and it can be either positive learning or negative learning. There is one subject that is difficult to teach and have control over because of misunderstandings, l ack of teaching, and publicity. Sex education has been a major debate for children under eighteen, because there are some parents that want it taught in schools and others that do not because of different reasonsRead MoreSex Education in High School3397 Words   |  14 Pagesexamines the issues relating to sex education programs in high school which has been a controversial subject since its inception. It evaluates how the recent increase in sexual activity among teenagers indicates that the subject should be revisited for further inspection and scrutiny. It shows how opponents of sexual education in schools argue that the subject promotes promiscuity and liberal sexual attitudes in teenage students whereas supporters of sexual education programs believe that they oftenRead MoreThe Effects Of Sex Education On Schools2753 Words   |  12 PagesProviding Sex Education in schools provides the necessary tools to decrease these numbers and change the thoughts and actions of children wh o act impulsively with little or no knowledge of the consequences of their actions. In the 1940’s, The Public Health Service strongly supported Sex Education in public school, calling it â€Å"an urgent need†. During the 60’s, 70’s and 80’s, groups such as the Christian Crusade and the Eagle Forman launched campaigns to have Sex Education banned in schools. For manyRead More Sex Education In Schools Essay2118 Words   |  9 PagesThe Netherlands provides sex education starting in preschool and boasts the lowest teen birthrate in the world--6.9 per 1,000 women aged 15-19--a rate nearly eight times lower than in the United States.(Topic overview: sex education) Pregnancy among adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 is a high concern. Sex education has proven in many areas to be very beneficial. Sex education is a very controversial topic with parents. Sex education should be taught because it gives young people information which

Lifestyle Diseases Free Essays

Since the dawn of civilization, man’s physical attributes have always been in accordance with the work he was supposed to do. It has been proven that we were ape like before and had lots of body hair, which was then to protect us from cold. Eventually as time passed our physicality changed a lot, and we started to walk erect, but still we were built in such a way that we were fit for hunting and to endure other physical conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Lifestyle Diseases or any similar topic only for you Order Now As centuries began to unfold, we started developing at a brisk pace and we have reached a stage of today, where we can get food by paying money for which we have to work, and that too doesn’t have to be necessarily a strenuous labor job. This change in lifestyle has brought about a lot of positivism and negativity in our lives. Today we don’t have to strive for food nor fight wild animals, but today we have to work long hours, which how much ever tiring maybe aren’t strenuous to what we had to do earlier. This exact change has brought in the ‘lifestyle diseases’, which are responsible for maximum deaths in countries which are either developed or are in the brink of becoming developed. Today we have development in the field of medicine and the diseases of yester years are either extinct or they don’t possess a threat much. Since we don’t have much threat from infectious diseases as much as we had before, the life style diseases which mainly comprise of the following, affect us the most: These diseases have been associated with the new way of life and come into the generic term of lifestyle diseases. Compared to the olden times, today obesity is a major problem which can be assessed by the following: ‘By 2001, almost 21 percent of adults were obese, representing a nearly 75 percent increase. Because these data are based on self-reported height and weight, obesity rates are most likely even higher than these estimates suggest. Results from the 1999 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which collects data through clinical measurements, found that approximately 30 percent of U.S. adults are obese and an additional 34 percent are overweight and Even more alarming is the increase of those who are morbidly obese; that is, those who are 100 pounds or more overweight’ (Eileen Salinsky). Obesity has been the root of many problems. Today children are always eating processed junk food and cola rather than salads and vegetables and milk. The pizzas and burgers how much ever scrumptious it is, cannot be considered as a main food and due to this reason not children but adults too tend to bloat up. An obese person is always at risk for heart diseases, diabetes and liver diseases. Being obese makes a person more inactive, this leads to other problems of muscles and joints. For obesity it is said that the more you eat the more you are eaten from inside. Today diseases like cancer have been one of the prime forces in eliminating mankind. There have been lots of deaths and amputations that have been accounted to cancer. This diseases which was not much active in the olden times, is today’s prime diseases. Cancer has various forms, and if not it could have been prevented from maintaining a good staple diet. One thing that can be attributed from a lifestyle point of view is that in the west and developed countries, there has been a serious loss of staple food and required vegetables in the diet and there has been a major increase of meat and wine. Because of the use more technology cell phones have become a common thing amongst people, including teenagers, but one thing they do not know is using a cell phone over an hour increase the chances of having brain tumor as it emits high amount of radiation. Many people have contracted these tumors, but have failed to realize this that it was due to their lifestyle. Heart Attacks and diabetes which also are lifestyle diseases are the worst in the group as they have killed more people than even one can imagine. The following will cement the fact about arteriosclerosis and diabetes:  The WHO estimates that atherosclerosis (heart attacks and strokes) and diabetes (90% of the Type 2 variety) kill about 20 million people every year, more than are killed by war, famine, AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined, and more than might conceivably be killed in a single pandemic of bird flu. Bill Gates gives billions to trying to eliminate infectious disease but never mentions the really big killer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the form of atherosclerosis and hypertension or high blood pressure’ (Pandemic Lifestyle diseases 2007). Life style diseases can be treated too, but it takes it toll on the individual, and for instances of heart and all major by pass operations have to performed, or for cancer chemotherapy or amputation of the part is required. The best way is prevention of these diseases by changing our lifestyles. If we endorse certain amount of exercise and right amount of nutritious food then the chances of contracting these diseases go down by huge percentages. Fore mostly, it is very essential to keep a check on junk food and easy to make fried food. Apart from increasing cholesterol and obesity, these foods don’t help much. There has to be a steady intake of staple food with maintaining an equal balance of vegetables and meat. One has to make sure to complete a certain amount of exercise, be it a small run or doing exercises in the gym. This physical exercise will help increase the much needed blood circulation and in turn help people to live healthy. The high amount of work loads only worsens the living environment, as tensions give rise to many diseases. Those working always on tight deadlines suffer the most from it. The only way to counter it is to take time out to relax and practice mind reliving techniques which can be attained via yoga or reiki. The lesser the tension the more an individual can live longer and enjoy life.   Alcohol and smoking, which are considered to be very normal in today’s times, are one of the worst ways of affecting our body. Smoking contracts blood cells and can give lung cancer, along with dampening one’s stamina and appetite. Alcohol on the other hand makes one obese, addicted and also causes serious troubles in the liver and kidney region. If one can refrain from smoking and have very limited quantity of alcohol, then he reduces huge chances of getting diseases. The best part of lifestyle disease is it can be easily prevented with certain precautions. Everybody have to die in this world, but the choice of dying young due to lifestyle diseases or dying when you are old is a choice one has to make. Works Cited: 1)    Eileen Salinsky, Principal Research Associate Wakina Scott, Research Associate â€Å"Obesity in America: A Growing Threat†, 11th July 2003, http://www.nhpf.org/pdfs_bp/BP_Obesity_7-03.pdf 2)   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Pandemic of Lifestyle Diseases†, 14th October 2007, http://www.panaceia-or-hygeia.com/ 3)    http://naturalhealthperspective.com/home/civilization.html 4)   http://www.obesityinamerica.org/geographic.html How to cite Lifestyle Diseases, Essay examples

Applied Research on Constructive Realism- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theApplied Research on Constructive Realism for Tabula Rasa. Answer: When a child is born, its imaginative skills are like a blank sheet known as tabula rasa by philosopher John Locke. With the attainment of maturity, ideas, concepts and thoughts begin to form. This is mainly through the means of observation, which generates within them critiquing skills (lvarez, 2015). These abilities form out of curiosity to know the reason behind each and every thing that is happening around them. Keen observation of the events of the surroundings exposes the humans to various situations, which are either in their favour or against. The approach of the humans towards these situations results in the formation of experiences, which helps the individuals to take a stance regarding the events, which occur in their life (Tao, 2016). The ability of the humans to shape and create their own experiences equalizes them with God. The second assumption can be God is a universal truth. Therefore, combining both the assumptions, we derive the conclusion that abilities of the humans regarding the creation of their own experiences are true. The basis for this reality is the application of rational thinking towards the issues, which the humans come across. Countering this, failure in terms of applying rational thinking attaches an interrogative parameter to the skills, expertise and knowledge of the individuals (lvarez, 2015). Here lays the need for some concrete evidences, which the philosophy critiques cannot deny. Typical evidence in this direction is propositions made by the constructive researchers in terms of the skills and abilities to give shape to self experience being one of the major elements of behavioural science in case of the humans. References and Bibiliography lvarez-Vzquez, J. Y. (2015). The Incipient Mind Argument The Persistence of Absolutist Thinking in Biological Philosophy of Mind.GSTF Journal of General Philosophy (JPhilo),1(2). Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (2017).Human ethology. Routledge. Hakkak, M., Nazarpoori, A., Mousavi, S. N., Ghodsi, M. (2015). Investigating the effects of emotional intelligence on social-mental factors of human resource productivity.Revista de Psicologa del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones,31(3), 129-134. Tao, S. (2016). A New Lens for Analysis: The Capability Approach and Critical Realism. InTransforming Teacher Quality in the Global South(pp. 25-49). Palgrave Macmillan UK.

John Jay-(Chief Justice U.S) Essays - John Jay,

John Jay-(Chief Justice U.S) John Jay was born on December 12, 1745 in New York City. He was a descendant of early Huguenot and patrician Dutch settlers, who grew up in a comfortable home. He graduated from King's college in 1764 and four years later he began his career as a lawyer. John Jay married Sarah Van Brugh Livingston on April 28, 1774. John Jay was a distinguished statesman and was known as a respected political figure due to his judgement, fairness, and ability to make decisions that he felt were right but were not always popular. After being accepted as a lawyer, Jay later became a New York delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses. There he served as president from 1778 to 1779. Following his term as president, Jay was appointed as U.S minister to Spain. After he returned to the United States, he was informed that he had been chosen as secretary of foreign affairs. While working with the European congresses Jay came to realize that the U.S needed a stronger central government. Along with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, Jay wrote letters to newspapers to urge the ratification of the constitution. In 1789 John Jay was appointed chief justice of the United States by President George Washington. While he was chief justice he traveled to Great Britain to attempt to negotiate settlements of the issues between the two nations. In 1794 George Washington made his last desperate attemt to avoid war when he decided to send John Jay to London. The Jeffersonians were not pleased with this decision. They feared that such a well-known federalist and Britain-lover would "sell out" his country. After his arrival in London, Jay further alarmed the Jeffersonians when at the presentation ceremony he kissed the queen's hand. An American Journal wrote about the so-called betrayal of John Jay to his country, "Hear the voice of truth, hear and believe! John Jay, ah! the arch traitor--seize him, drown him, hang him, burn him, flay him alive! Men of America, he betrayed you with a kiss!" Upon his return to the United States, Jay resigned from his position as chief justice to serve as governor of New York and served two terms. In 1801 he refused further public office and retired to his Bedford, N.Y home, where he died on May 17, 1829. He was one of the last of the revolutionary patriarchs. Many of the procedures adopted by John Jay in his lifetime are still used in todays judicial body.

An Introduction to French Register

An Introduction to French Register Register refers to the level of formality of a given word, expression, grammatical structure, gesture, or means of pronunciation. In French, there are six registers, listed here from most to least formal. 1. Literary/Refined - Littà ©raire/Soutenu Literary French is an extremely formal and elegant language which is nearly always written. When spoken, it tends to be for effect and sounds snobbish or old-fashioned. Poetic French is a subcategory. 2. Formal - Formel Formal French is polite language, both written and spoken. It is used when the speaker doesnt know, wishes to show respect for, or wants to demonstrate distance/coldness toward another person. 3. Normal - Normal The normal register is the largest and most common category of language, what you might call everyday language. Normal French has no particular distinction (neither formal nor informal) and is the language used by and between just about everyone. It includes various subcategories of specialized and technical language, such as administrative, judicial, and scientific jargons. 4. Informal - Familier Informal French expresses closeness and is typically used between friends and family. Baby talk and most apocopes are informal. Although informal French is grammatically correct, it is at the bottom end of what the French call bon usage (correct usage). 5. Familiar - Populaire Familiar French is used between friends and expresses closeness verging on disrespect. Verlan and largonji are subcategories, though their individual words can range from a normal register to slang. 6. Slang (Vulgar)  - Argot (Vulgaire) Slang is vulgar, offensive, and usually insulting language, often related to sex, drugs, or violence. It may be used between friends or enemies. The familiar and vulgar registers are considered non-standard French.

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 3

Strategic Management - Essay Example Specially mentioning, strategic management assists modern business organisations to take effective decisions and conduct activities for attaining success, resulting in attaining superior competitive position and sustaining in the long run (Wells, 2003). In this essay, the views of two different authors of strategic management will be elaborately discussed in order to gain a proper understanding of strategy. The essay intends to explore and compare the views of Mintzberg’s ten schools of thoughts along with Whittington’s four strategic lenses. A proper analysis will be conducted in order to gain insights about the different levels of strategy. According to the views of Michael Porter, strategy is a decision, which includes a conscious approach of performing activities in a different manner from that of the competitors in order to accomplish a viable long-term competitive advantage. Porter states that it is important for the organisations to focus not only on the operational perspectives but also on the strategic activities that tends to be effective in performing effectively in the business markets (Sage Publication, n.d.). Moreover, as per the views of Strickland and Thompson (2003), strategy is described as a managerial process, which is used to form strategic visions, objectives and approaches that are considered to be appropriate in order to accomplish long-term success. It is reflected that a strategy is said to be ineffective without the implementation of proper strategic management. It is often observed that there are various strategies that reflect as quite useful for developing overall business performance, but d oes not succeed in the long-run due to the lack of strategic management initiative. It is noticeable that the success of the organisations is dependable on various factors and thus there exists various levels of strategy for fulfilling the

How to Control and Prevent Delinquency Research Paper

How to Control and Prevent Delinquency - Research Paper Example The increasing number of youth offenders does not stem from a single cause nor a single set of causes. Sociologists agree that social disorganization is one of the most important factors that influence the rate of juvenile delinquency. Thus, in slum areas, where families come from different regions of the country or speak different dialects, where people are constantly on the move, and where diverse cultural standards flourish side by side with little interaction and community solidarity, delinquency is most often found. Some researchers suggest that more often delinquents have parents characterized by drunkenness or criminality, ineffective household management, economic difficulties, and low self-respect. Delinquency often indicates that their families are not concerned about their welfare. Most delinquent children do not experience a real home life. They are left to themselves the whole day with any companion they choose to have. Marriage may be temporarily or permanently broken. Temporarily broken homes refer to the separation of husband and wife caused by war, migration, hospitalization, imprisonment, or employment conditions. Permanently broken homes refer to separation caused by desertion, divorce or legal separation, life imprisonment, or death. Behavioral as well as social scientists express the view that broken homes can create far-reaching problems such as juvenile delinquency, unwed mothers, poverty, etc. Many of the juvenile delinquents here and abroad were found to come from broken homes. But it does not follow that broken homes will surely cause young children and adolescents to go wayward and develop into delinquents. Many separated parents have produced offsprings that climbed into fame. Clear knowledge of the causes of the emergence of youth offenders can naturally lead to a better understanding of how to control and prevent delinquency.  Ã‚  

Scientific experiment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Scientific experiment - Assignment Example The experiment focused on the evidences which are considered to be the products released and consumed during the respiration process. I investigated the effect the high concentration of oxygen can have on the amount of heat released and also the amount of carbon dioxide that could be released. This was also in conjunction with the rapid at which the carbon dioxide was being released. The results of this experiment showed that with an increase in oxygen concentration, there is a rapid increase in the heat energy released and also the amount of carbon dioxide released. The test for carbon dioxide was lime water which turned white on the passage of carbon dioxide. The amount of energy released could be told by the temperature on the bottle (Lambers, 2005) Introduction Energy is the most fundamental driving factor to both the plants and animals. Almost all processes in the bodies of the organisms are initiated and run by energy. These processes range from reproduction, locomotion, fertilization, growth and development. This calls on scientist like me and others in general to clearly show the factors which contribute to the respiration in organisms. It is of essence to note that the experiment went further to give details on the essential elements required in the respiration. Here, it was found out that oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration. Again, glucose or some substrates like starch must be present for respiration to take place. Carbon dioxide was released this was to confirm that it is of less essence for animal though in plants it’s used from the process of photosynthesis. Some environmental factors such as high temperatures and humidity affect the rate of respiration. In a very cold environment, there are fewer activities experienced by the

Participation Of Lac In Decision Making Social Work Essay

Participation Of Lac In Decision Making Social Work Essay Introduction This essay aims to critically evaluate service user involvement specifically for looked after children (LAC). It explores evidence and research that considers the value of listening to the views of children who are looked after; regarding decisions about the care and support they receive. It considers how Leicester City councils procedures enable young people to contribute in decision-making about their care and support, whilst considering any barriers which may hinder effective participation. It also looks at how my work can support this view, whilst considering local and national legislative policies and theoretical frameworks to enhance participation of children and young people to develop care services. Evidence-based social care is a conscientious, explicit and judicious use of evidence in making decisions about the care of children, which is based on skills which allow a social worker to evaluate personal experience and external evidence in a systematic and objective manner (Sackett et al 1997, cited in Smith, 2004:8). Evidence-based approach to decision-making needs to be transparent, accountable and based on consideration of the most compelling evidence. This means adopting an ethical obligation to justify claims to expertise, being transparency with service users about decision-making and how these are formulated. By placing the childrens interests first, an evidence-based social worker may adopt a lifelong learning that involves continually posing specific questions (hypothesis) whilst, searching objectively and efficiently for the current best practice (Gibbs, 2003). Evidence-based approach implies, among other things, the application of the best current evidence, the value of empirically based research findings, the requirement of critical approach for assessment and theories which support evidence informed practice. Therefore, the use of research and evidence to enhance transparency for service users and stakeholders may increase objectivity and fairness in decision-making process. This may increase confidence in the quality of debate around decisions, and lead to effective outcomes for service uses, thereby increasing credibility of services as well as supporting professional development for social workers. Evidence and research finding in participation of LAC in decision-making and developing care services The term participation is a broad and multi-layered concept used to describe many different processes. It covers the level, focus and content of decision-making as well as the nature of the participatory activity, frequency and duration of participation and children participation (Kirby et al., 2003). The level and nature of participation may vary. It may mean merely taking part, being present, being involved or consulted in decision-making or a transfer of power in order for the views of participants to have an influence on decisions (Boyden and Ennew, 1997). The focus of childrens participation also varies, with the participation of children and young people in matters which affect them as individuals and as a group (Franklin and Sloper, 2004:4). The participation of children and young people in decisions that affect them as individuals means taking into account their wishes, feelings and their perspectives. Procedures such as, assessment, care planning and LAC review meetings, child protection conferences or complaints are there to achieve this. The Children Act 1989 provides assessment for greater involvement of children and young people in decision-making. The participation of children in matters relating to them as a group can be through local and national identification, development, provision, monitoring or evaluation of services and policies (Franklin and Sloper, 2004:5). This may be achieved through consultation exercises and research, involvement of children and young people in management committees, advisory groups, youth forums, partnerships and community initiatives or in the delivery of community services by acting as mentors, counsellors, volunteers or workers (Sinclair and Franklin, 2000). Research and evidence suggest that children and young people should be involved in making decisions that affect them. This is reflected in law, government guidance as well as in various regulations and policies. Increasingly, children are identified as a group in their own right. In 1991, the UK ratified the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child (Child Convention), which grants children and young people the rights to participate in decision-making. Article 12 of the Child Convention provides that Children have the right to say what they think should happen when adults are making decisions that affect them, and to have their opinions taken into account. This may not necessarily mean that children and young people should directly make those decisions, rather that adults involve them in the decision-making process. The Care Standards Act 2000 highlights the importance of childrens participation in decision-making. Looked after children are entitled and should be encouraged to participate in the decision making-process. Policy documents and research relating to services for LAC and young people indicate the importance of their participation in decision-making both in policy-making as well as in practice. Research studies have emphasised the value of engaging with the perspectives of LAC (Thomas and Beckford, 1999; OQuigley, 2000). New initiatives from the Government such as the LAC Materials, Quality Protects, the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, the Common Assessment Framework as well as other associated practice guides and non-governmental organisations have carried the same message (Jackson and Kilroe, 1996; Department of Health et al, 2000; Department of Health, 2002; Department for Education and Skills, 2004; Jenkins and Tudor, 1999; Horwath, 2000; British Association of Social Workers, 2003). Standard textbooks on social work with children and families as well as specialist texts on particular areas of practice have emphasised not only the desirability of listening to LAC but also in many cases their right to inclusion (Brandon et al, 1998; Butler and Roberts, 1997, Gilligan, 2001; Wheal, 2002). Evidence and research are implemented in practice, particularly in the agencies that actually look after children and young people, the decision-making processes involving looked after children and in interactions between those children and adults. However, some indication may also be gained from social workers directly involved in interpreting evidence and research findings and applying them into their practice (Thomas, 2005). This can be evaluated in terms of looking at the organisations policies and procedures for looked after children in decision-making process, involving LAC to give advice of how to include them with planning and review meetings and service planning, such as supporting them to access independent advocacy, and give them opportunities to meet together, meet with their friends, and support their voice, for example to make complaints and to include their views when writing and recording decisions about them. However, social worker may be described as making significant efforts to listen to children and young people, but the children and young people may necessarily feel that their voices are being heard. A study has found that whereas adults see listening in terms of paying respectful attention to what children and young people have to say, children and young people feel that listening is demonstrated by the delivery of services that accord with their expressed wishes (McLeod, 2006). Also, whilst adults regard the role of social worker as providing emotional support and therapeutic intervention, many children and young people regard their role as providing practical support combined with promotion of their self-determination (McLeod, 2006). These findings have implications for childcare social work. Participation of LAC in decision-making in Leicester City Council Leicester City Councils policy and guidance emphasise on the importance to involve children in the decision-making process in line with their age and understanding. Staff, carers, parents and children are informed about this policy through handbooks, workshops and interagency training events. Parents are informed by social workers, either formal, informal or both. The Leicester City Council Young Peoples Charter states that young people have the right to be listened to, have their view taken seriously and to be involved in decisions that affect them. Leicester City Council has also a Children and Young Peoples Strategic Partnership (2007) which is committed to involve and consult as many children, young people and their families as possible. The aim of this participation strategy is to enable children, young people and families to participate in decision-making process, service review and delivery as well as to influence policies and decisions that affect them. Leicester City Council has a policy which actively promotes the involvement of LAC in planning and review meetings. As a department, it has legal responsibilities as corporate parents. The policy encourages LAC to attend any meeting where their Care Plan will be discussed and decision made about their lives. However, some children or young people I have been working with feel that whether or not they attend the LAC planning and review meetings does not really make a difference because they consider those meetings to be merely procedural. A study has found that many children and young people find the review meetings as still alienating, uncomfortable, negative and boring process (Voice for the Child in Care, 2004, 51). The decision-making process may prioritise the best interests of the child, which may not necessarily represent what the child may consider to be his/her best interest on his/her own world. Planning and review meetings for LAC are chaired by an independent person, who has a duty to ensure that the views and feelings of children and young people are taken into account. However decision has to be made procedurally to meet the goals of the local authority, which may not take into account the needs of the child. Leicester City Council promotes the use of independent advocacy services for LAC, and makes provisions with representation when they make complaints. Leicester City Councils Children Rights and Participation Services works independently to ensure that children and young people participate in decision-making that affect them and that they are fully represented in their complaints. However, the independence of this Service may be questionable. The head of the Service is responsible to the head of Safeguarding Services Department who is also responsible to the Director of Children Services, who may influence the Department in performing its functions. Leicester City Council provides opportunities for LAC to meet together. This is done through a Children Forum within the organisation which organises different activities, such as dramas, role plays, and singing to enable them to express their feelings. The Children Forum also has a looked after children football team led by a youth worker who is attached to the LAC Services. Leicester City Council has policy guidance which requires prior permission from children to stay with friends overnight. However, there can be conflicts of interests when considering Frazer/Gillick competence of young peoples voices. Firstly, the process of performing checks may take time as it involves collecting information relating to the host, some of which may not be available before the proposed date of visit. This delay may cause the child or young person to feel that his/her wishes are not being considered and may also raise the childs level of anxiety. Secondly, young persons from another authority without checking requirements may be placed in the same placement with those from Leicester City Council. Those from Leicester City Council might feel not only that there are double standards, but they may also lose their trust to the social worker involved in granting the permission. Children who have taken part in research meetings have resented that their ordinary social contacts were obstructed by requirements to get a special permission, or even police clearance, before they could stay overnight with their friends, and wanted their carers to be able to make these decisions unimpeded (Thomas and OKane, 1998). As a social worker, it therefore, important to be aware of legislative and guidance requirements of participation as well as understand the benefits of participation. As Kirby et al (2003) pointed out the fact that participation is part of the law or a public policy is not enough to convince social workers to engage in the work of children and young people. However, there are obstacles to the inclusion of LAC and young people in decision-making process. These include the lack of staff and time caused by high case loads and other demands such as child protection work, court reports, and core assessments. There is also a lack of a common understanding of participation and this can be confusing for a social worker when working with other agencies with different understandings. Also, it may not cost a penny to listen to children and young people, but it cost money to ensure a development of an effective participation (Kirby, 2003). Organisations rarely dedicate a budget for participation (Cutler and Taylor, 2003). The notion of childrens participation in decision-making pertains to all children as a social group. However, historically, childrens participation has tended to focus on children in need. As a result, childrens participation has often been associated with forms of multiple disadvantage and social exclusion. LAC falls into the category of marginalised groups of children and young people. Young People with difficult life experiences are likely to have less confidence and self-esteem to participate in decision-making. For those who had their views and feelings not taken into account in the past, they are likely to be less motivated to participate in LAC planning and review meetings. If the past difficult experiences resulted from mistreatment by adults, they are likely not to trust the current adults intentions to engage them in participation. LAC may be subject to negative assumptions and stereotypes which may affect their full participation in decisions making (McNeish, 1999). Enhancing the participation of LAC in decision-making It is a good practice for carers to be empowered to make decisions for LAC wanting to stay with friends overnight, provided that they are able to assess the situation and make those decisions as if they were their own biological children. There should be a policy that explicitly allows for delegation to carers. For example, the Welsh Assembly Government has issued a guidance which makes it clear that criminal records checks should not be sought before an overnight stay, that decisions should in most circumstances be delegated to foster parents and residential care staff, and that looked after children should as far as possible be granted the same permissions to take part in such acceptable age appropriate peer activities as would reasonably be granted by the parents of their peers (National Assembly for Wales Circular NAFWC 50/2004). Planning and review meetings should be chaired by a totally independent person, not someone employed by Leicester City council. One may argue that this may cause tension between independence provided by an outside Chair and the risk of alienating the child by having a stranger at their review. However, a chair coming within the organisation may not be fully independent as s/he may also be under a duty to promote the vision and goals of the organisation which may conflict with his/her role. There is a need for an effective definition of participation which encompasses an understanding of participation as an activity and as a process aiming at achieving positive outcomes for LAC, young people and organisations. Establishing a shared definition of participation can be a challenge, but once identified, it can benefit the organisations in terms of being consistence in the participation of children and young people in decision-making. There is a need for participation work to be adequately resourced in a long term basis as this will enable change (Robson, et al, 2003). Alternatively, the current budget should ensure that it is resourced to the participation of children and young people, particularly LAC. Maybe consideration to the times of day for young people should be taking into account, when holding review meetings, and not having as many people attending, which could be intimidating. Perhaps the local authority could consider using text messages or social networks to get real feedback about the views of young people. Perhaps to work in a more child centred way the process of participation may have more meaning to the child or young person, rather than being a process driven exercise. Conclusion There is plenty evidence and research findings on participation of LAC in decision-making and developing care services. They range from legislation, participation guidance, researches to academic works. All these influence social workers in practice. Leicester City Council attaches importance to the participation of LFC in decision-making. Nonetheless, participation of LAC means that children should be actively involved in the decision-making that affects them; and the adults who have the responsibility for these children should ensure that their views and wishes are listened to and represented in decision-making. REFERECES Boyden, J. and Ennew, J. (1997) Children in Focus. A manual for participatory research with children. Stockholm: RÃ ¤dda Barnen Brandon M, Schofield G and Trinder L, (1998) Social Work with Children, Basingstoke: Macmillan Butler I and Roberts G, (1997) Social Work with Children and Families: Getting into practice, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Culter, D. and Taylor, A. (2003) Expanding and Sustaining Involvement: a Snapshot of Participation Infrastructure for Young People Living in England, London: Carnegie Young People Initiative Department for Education and Skills (2004) Integrated Childrens System London: The Stationary Office Department of Health (2002) Listening, Hearing and Responding (Department of Health Action Plan: Core principles for the involvement of children and young people, available at http://www.longtermventilation.nhs.uk/_Rainbow/Documents/Listening,%20Hearing,%20responding%20to%20Children..pdf [accessed on 7/11/2012] Department of Health, et al, (2000) Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, London: The Stationery Office Franklin, A and Sloper, P. (2004) Participation of Disabled Children and Young People in Decision-Making Within Social Services Departments, Quality Protect Research Initiatives, Interim Report York: The University of York Gibbs, L., (2003) Evidence-Based Practice for the Helping Professions: A Practical Guide with Integrated Multimedia, Brooks: Pacific Grove Gilligan R, Promoting Resilience: A resource guide on working with children in the care system, London: BAAF, 2001 Horwath J (ed) (2000), The Childs World: Assessing children in need, London: Jessica Kingsley Kirby, P. and Bryson, S. (2002) Measuring the Magic? Evaluating and Researching Young Peoples Participation in Public Decision-Making London: Carnegie Young People Initiative Kirby, P, et al (2003) Building a Culture of Participation, London: Department for Education and Skills Jackson S and Kilroe S (eds) (1996), Looking After Children: Good parenting, good outcomes, Reader, London: HMSO Jenkins J and Tudor K, (1999) Being Creative with Assessment and Action Records, Tonypandy: Rhondda Cynon Taff Borough Council Leicester City Council (2007) Leicester City Children ad Young Peoples Strategic Partnership: Participation Strategy Leicester: Leicester City Council McLeod, A., (2006) Respect or Empowerment? Alternative Understandings of Listening in Childcare Social Work Adoption and Fostering, Vol. 30, pp. 43-52 OQuigley A, (2000) Listening to Childrens Views: The findings and recommendations of recent research, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000 McNeish, D. (1999) From Rhetoric to Reality: Participatory Approaches to health Promotion with Young People, London: Health Education Authority Robson, P., et al (2003) Increasing User Involvement in Voluntary Organisation, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation Sinclair, R. and Franklin, A. (2000) Young Peoples Participation, Quality Protects Research Briefing, No.3. London: Department of Health Smith, D (2004) Social Work and Evidence based Practice: Research Highlights in Social Work, London: Jessica Kingsley Publisher Thomas, N., (2005) Has anything really changed? Managers views of looked after childrens participation in 1997 and 2004 Adopting and Fostering, Vol. 29, pp. 67-77 Thomas C, and Beckford V, (1999) Adopted Children Speaking, London: BAAF Thomas N and OKane C. (1998), What makes me so different? Community Care 1253 Voice for the Child in Care, (2004) Start with the Child, Stay with the Child: A blueprint for a child-centred approach to children and young people in public care, London: Voice for the Child in Care Wheal A (ed.) (2002), The RHP Companion to Leaving Care, Lyme Regis: Russell House Publishing

D-day :: World War II

D-day I think the reson the d-day operation was sucsessfull was because of deception. It was 1944, and by this time the united states had been "in the war" aginst germany for threee years and the british had been in for almost six years. Alot of people dont know that there were many beachs that were seiged that same day that usaully dont get meantioned. the two that were the most importante that most people focuos on were the Omaha and utah beach beacuase of so many american solgers flooded those beachs and they had alot of casulties. Most of the other beachs were tackin with minamal casulties. over the next couple of hours the men on the beachs had to go though hell. The "allied invaders" had to tack these beach they played a huge role in the over all sucsees of the operation. Before the landing the german beachs had to be preped by bombing by air by the united states bombers that with 1,000 ships droped 5,000 tons of bombs. The beachs were also softened up by the united states battel ships bombarding the beachs. Although fewer Allied ground troops went ashore on D-Day than on the first day of the earlier invasion of Sicily, the invasion of Normandy was in total history's greatest water to land operation, involving on the first day 5,000 ships, the largest "armada" ever assembled; 11,000 aircraft (following months of preliminary bombardment); and approximately 154,000 British, Canadian and American soldiers, including 23,000 arriving by parachute and glider. The invasion also involved a long-range deception plan on a scale the world had never before seen and the clandestine operations of tens of thousands of Allied resistance fighters in Nazi-occupied countries of western Europe. American General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named supreme commander for the allies in Europe. British General, Sir Frederick Morgan, established a combined American-British headquarters known as COSSAC, for Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander. COSSAC developed a number of plans for the Allies, most notable was that of Operation Overlord, a full scale invasion of France across the English Channel. Eisenhower felt that COSSAC's plan was a good operation. After reviewing the disastrous hit-and-run raid in 1942 in Dieppe, planners decided that the strength of German defenses required not a number of separate assaults by relatively small units but an intense concentration of power in a single main landing.

IP Subnetting

As part of your assigned readings and material covered in your class lecture, you have learned about IP subnetting including the math involved. For this assignment, you will answer questions relating to IP subnetting.Resources: Textbook Lecture materials and notesDeliverables Answer the questions in the following section. Turn in your responses to your instructor. Be sure to show your work, meaning your steps to convert binary to decimal, etc.Questions: 1. How many bits of mask are required to provide 30 host addresses? 27 Mask=255.255.255.2242. How many networks will be created using a 255.255.0.0 given a class A IP network (i.e., 10.0.0.0)? 2563. What would be the dotted decimal equivalent o the slash notation of /30? 255.255.255.2524. What would be the dotted decimal equivalent o the slash notation of /8? 255.0.0.05. What would be the dotted decimal equivalent o the slash notation of /17? 255.255.128.06. What would be the dotted decimal equivalent o the slash notation of /12? 255. 240.0.07. Given 9 bits of mask for the host portion, how many host addresses are available? 5108. Given 13 bits of mask for the host portion, how many host addresses are available? 81909. Given 3 bits of mask for the host portion, how many host addresses are available? 610. Given 8 bits of mask for the network portion, how many subnets are available? 102411. Given 4 bits of mask for the network portion, how many subnets are available? 819212. Explain the reasoning behind the concept of â€Å"subnet zero.†Prior to Cisco IOS Software Release 12.0, the ip subnet-zero global configuration command was required to be able to configure subnet zero on an interface, but in v12.0 this command became part of the default configuration and is now utilized in network addressing.13. For a network address, what does the host portion of the address appear as in binary representation? 014. For a broadcast address, what does the host portion of the address appear as in binary representation? 25 515. Complete the table below: IP Address Dotted Decimal Subnet Mask Broadcast Address8.2.6.5/16 255.255.0.0 8.2.255.255 133.3.103.9/25 255.255.255.128 133.3.103.125 192.168.9.67/26 255.255.255.192 192.168.9.61 4.3.222.9/20 255.255.240.0 4.3.15.255 192.168.9.67/26 255.255.255.192 192.168.9.61Use the following pages to show your work for Question 15 or any other question.IP Subnetting Work:IP Subnetting Work:

Yes or No to Mandatory Vaccinations

Yes or No to Mandatory Vaccinations Should vaccinations be mandatory for children entering school? At the present time, all fifty states in the United States require children entering public school to be vaccinated. However, no federal vaccination laws exist (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? ). Many parents hold religious beliefs against vaccination. Forcing such parents to vaccinate their children would violate the First Amendment, which guarantees citizens the right to the free exercise of their religion.Others believe that common childhood vaccinations may cause rare, yet serious reactions. Proponents of mandatory vaccination argue that the risk of not being vaccinated far outweighs the small risk associated with vaccination. Preventable diseases like measles and mumps can cause permanent disability and death. In 1991, an outbreak of measles in an unvaccinated group of children in Philadelphia caused seven deaths (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Pro). Children infected with mumps can become permanently deaf.Although a very small number of deaths from the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine have been reported, the most common adverse reactions are minor soreness and or fever. Vaccines can eradicate disease and prevent serious illness and death. Mandatory vaccination has eliminated disease that once killed thousands of children, such as polio and smallpox. According to the researchers at the Pediatric Academic Society, childhood vaccinations in the United States prevent about 10. million cases of infectious illness and 33,000 deaths per year (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? ). They believe that most childhood vaccines are 90-99% effective in preventing disease (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Pro). When children who have been vaccinated do contract a disease, despite being vaccinated against it, they usually have milder symptoms with less serious complications than an un-vaccinated child who gets the same diseas e.Since some individuals who have been vaccinated may still get sick when exposed to infected individuals, 75%-94% of the population (depending on the disease) must be vaccinated to achieve â€Å"herd immunity† (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Pro). When herd immunity is achieved, the number of immunized individuals is high enough to prevent the spread of disease through the population. Even when diseases seem to no longer exist, outbreaks can still occur if children are not vaccinated.In Boulder, Colorado, fear over possible side effects of the whooping-cough (pertussis) vaccine led many parents to refuse vaccination for their children, causing Boulder to have the lowest school-wide vaccination rate in Colorado for whooping-cough, and one of the highest rates of whooping-cough in the United States as of 2002 (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Pro). However there are certainly concerns about vaccinations. According to a 2010 survey by the University of Michigan, 31% of parents believe that they should have the right to refuse mandated school entry vaccinations for their children (ProCon. rg, Children Vaccinations, Con). They believe that vaccines are often unnecessary in many cases where the threat of death from the disease is small. During the early nineteenth century, death from childhood diseases, such as, whooping-cough, measles, and scarlet fever, fell dramatically even before immunization became available (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Con). This decreased mortality has been attributed to improve personal hygiene, water purification, effective sewage disposal, and better food hygiene and nutrition, not immunization.Many against mandatory vaccination believe that vaccinations interfere with natural law and God’s plan for humanity. They believe that disease is a natural occurrence and humans should not interfere. Vaccines can trigger autoimmune disorders. An un-vaccinated child can build and strengthen his immune system through fi ghting off infection and can develop a natural immunity to diseases like measles and chickenpox. Vaccines could create an artificial immunity which weakens the immune system, leaving the child more vulnerable to other diseases and infections.Opponents of mandatory vaccination believe that vaccines are created for primarily to generate profit for manufacturers and medical organizations that endorse vaccinations. While the economic slant is bothersome to those opposing mandatory vaccines, their side of the argument is fueled by claims paid under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program in the United States Court of Federal Claims between 1988 and 2009, which has awarded compensation to 1,322 families whose children suffered brain damage from vaccines (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? . About 30,000 cases of adverse reactions to vaccines have been reported to the federal government since 1990 (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? ). Only 13% of tho se cases were classified as serious, i. e. permanent disability, hospitalization, life-threatening illness, or death (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? ). Should parents have the right to determine whether their child should have mandatory vaccinations, or should the government have the right to decide whether vaccinations are in the best interest of national health?It has been proven that vaccinations can help eliminate diseases that once killed thousands of children. There is still the thought that any risk to a child from immunization is not worth taking, especially considering that most diseases vaccinated against are not necessarily life threatening. The â€Å"slippery slope† seems to be whether the government should have the right to interfere with First Amendment rights.

Free Essays on The Color Purple

Alice Walker, the author of The Color Purple, was born on February 1st, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She excelled in most things she did as the valedictorian of her high school and she even received the Pulitzer Prize in 1983 for The Color Purple. Alice Walker confronts some incredibly controversial yet quite American themes and problems in this story. The tale takes us through the difficult times for the African American women in our country during the early 1900’s. These women had it harder than most and they are admired in many ways. This U.S. author tells a particularly American novel on a woman in this country (her birthplace) and the rigorous troubles she faced. Although the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1877 and Celie lived in the early twentieth century, African Americans were still extremely discriminated against during this time. In addition, women were discriminated against as well. Women were thought as the weaker sex. They were not even granted suffrage until 1920 under President Woodrow Wilson. Celie had the double threat. In the story, â€Å"Mr.† beats Celie up and she is never allowed to talk back. She is just expected to follow his orders. Even though Alice Walker did not live until the end of when this book takes place, many of these things still occurred during her life. Alice Walker felt that this was an awfully hard time for people like her, and so she wanted to acknowledge how oppressed upon they were. This entire novel revolves around the time period that the character was in. Alice Walker writes in a feminist Afrocentricism genre. Basically, she portrays African American woman in all of her stories. Feminism, simply stated by Feminist Utopia is â€Å"the theory that men and women should be equal politically, economically, and socially†. Afrocentricism is just a way for the culture to reclaim their history and culture. Alice Walker shows this is in her novel The Color Purple. Nettie shows Afrocentricism by goin... Free Essays on The Color Purple Free Essays on The Color Purple Alice Walker, the author of The Color Purple, was born on February 1st, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She excelled in most things she did as the valedictorian of her high school and she even received the Pulitzer Prize in 1983 for The Color Purple. Alice Walker confronts some incredibly controversial yet quite American themes and problems in this story. The tale takes us through the difficult times for the African American women in our country during the early 1900’s. These women had it harder than most and they are admired in many ways. This U.S. author tells a particularly American novel on a woman in this country (her birthplace) and the rigorous troubles she faced. Although the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1877 and Celie lived in the early twentieth century, African Americans were still extremely discriminated against during this time. In addition, women were discriminated against as well. Women were thought as the weaker sex. They were not even granted suffrage until 1920 under President Woodrow Wilson. Celie had the double threat. In the story, â€Å"Mr.† beats Celie up and she is never allowed to talk back. She is just expected to follow his orders. Even though Alice Walker did not live until the end of when this book takes place, many of these things still occurred during her life. Alice Walker felt that this was an awfully hard time for people like her, and so she wanted to acknowledge how oppressed upon they were. This entire novel revolves around the time period that the character was in. Alice Walker writes in a feminist Afrocentricism genre. Basically, she portrays African American woman in all of her stories. Feminism, simply stated by Feminist Utopia is â€Å"the theory that men and women should be equal politically, economically, and socially†. Afrocentricism is just a way for the culture to reclaim their history and culture. Alice Walker shows this is in her novel The Color Purple. Nettie shows Afrocentricism by goin...

Fast Food Industry Marketing Towards Children Essay

Fast Food Industry Marketing Towards Children - Essay Example This essay deeple analyzes not only fast-food market and it's effects on everyday life of children, but also focuses on political and philosophical purposes of such market. The political agenda brings us to identify â€Å"problems† with capitalism: the creation of multinational conglomerates that â€Å"don’t care about its customers†. These require us to ask if the â€Å"harms† this food present morally require government regulation and censorship. Advertising, that is discussed in this essay simply does not have the coercive power which critics allege. Marketing cannot force products upon the innocent, vulnerable, and gullible children. It may be useful to distinguish the advertisement—a simple statement of words—from action in a purchase. The nature of advertising and marketing precludes any possibility of coercion when it comes to persuading children to convince their parents to buy them products which, if used in excess, can be incidental ly harmful. The blame for childhood obesity rates lies with parents and those who control what children eat. The absurdity of the claim that a corporation, constantly concerned with what is necessary for maintaining its very existence, is responsible for what children eat is so obviously absurd that it need not be discussed. In conclusion, claims about marketing to children rely on untenable philosophical doctrines like determinism, misconceptions of persuasive advertising, and mischaracterizations of the adolescent human being are discussed.

McDonalds Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

McDonalds Business Strategy - Essay Example This essay introducts the reader to McDonald's corporative history, it's global strategy success ass well as other business strategies. Today, McDonald’s is considered as the world’s No. 1 fast-food company with more than 31,000 restaurants across 120 countries particularly in US, Europe, APMEA, Latin America, and Canada. The success of McDonald’s going global strategy is reflected with its 5.7% increase in global sales as of January 2008. In this essay SWOT analysis as well as Porter’s Five Forces model and Related Key Points were used to demonstrate corporative strengths and weaknesses. However, this essay not only focuses on McDonalds itself, but also analyzes McCafà ¨'s as being one of the world's biggest coffee retailer. With the use of SWOT analysis and Porter’s Competitive Forces Model, the researcher will examine the business status of McCafà ¨ within the global coffee industry. The researcher also tries to promote franchising option to business people and even suggests some operational strategies for McCafà ¨. Prior to the conclusion, the researcher will propose an appropriate strategic plan for McCafà ¨s. These strategic plans mainly focusses on Merger and Acquisitions (M&A) strategies, using of organic food products and entering into a joint-venture contract. In conclusion, the researcher suggests that by maintaining a good quality customer service, McCafà ¨ could provide its customers a pleasant atmosphere wherein friends and families could meet for a fresh cup of good quality coffee experiences.

The Implemention of Enterprise Resource Planning in China Essay

The Implemention of Enterprise Resource Planning in China - Essay Example The literature review is divided into 3 sections. The first section explains the four approaches proposed for implementing I.S. The second section explains the 6 C.S.F for implementing ERP systems as explained by Yingjie.The third section explains the H.D.N.C. This is when an I.S is implemented at a particular geographical area or a particular branch of an organisation . Due to the fact the system is implemented with a small group of people, this method facilitates the identification of unforeseen disruption in the implementation of large scale I.S.  This is when the legacy and the new system   are operated simultaneously. The parallel approach is expensive   to manage but facilitates in case of unforeseen disruptions or when the new system fails. In this case, the company are still able to achieve organisational objectives with the legacy system.  This is when an I.S is implemented in a Big Bang or urgent manner. This will entail closing the old system at a particular day an d launching the new system the next day. Although this approach minimises costs (the transition cost and the operation cost) it is risky and could easily lead to system failure.  In order for ERP system implementation to be successful, the shared vision of the organisation and role of the new system and structures should be communicated between managers and employees Top management has a significant role to play in ERP implementation. The roles of top management in IT implementation include encouraging the keen comprehension of the competencies and weaknesses of IT.

System Analysis and Design of an Equipment Tracking Database Essay Example for Free

System Analysis and Design of an Equipment Tracking Database Essay BG Group has been active in the energy sector in Trinidad Tobago since 1989 and established an office in the country in 1994. Currently the company’s office is located at 5 St. Clair Avenue, St. Clair, Port-of-Spain. Today, BG Trinidad and Tobago (BG TT) is one of the Group’s core operational areas and is virtually unique among the multinationals based here, in operating onshore and offshore assets in all key areas of the country. The UK-based BG Group is a global leader in the exploration, production, distribution and supply of natural gas to industrial markets. The Group has operations in over 25 countries, including the UK, Egypt, Kazakhstan and India. The Group’s key business is the connecting of high value markets to competitively priced gas, to which it deploys expertise at all stages of the gas chain. BG TT has upstream operations in three main areas – the offshore East Coast Marine Area (ECMA) and North Coast Marine Area (NCMA), as well as the onshore Central Block located in the Moruga forest. The BG Group-operated ECMA or Dolphin gas field, located 83 km off the east coast of Trinidad, commenced production in March 1996. The Dolphin field is contracted to supply gas to NGC under a 20 year supply contract. The ECMA also supplies Atlantic Train 3 and Atlantic Train 4. NCMA comprises three producing fields, Hibiscus, Chaconia and Ixora, which supply natural gas for Atlantic LNG Trains 2, 3 and 4. A 107 km, 24-inch pipeline from the NCMA development to Point Fortin is the longest pipeline in Trinidad Tobago. A fourth producing field, Poinsettia, is scheduled for development in 2008. BG TT acquired Aventura’s 65% interest in, and operatorship of, the onshore Central Block in 2004. Central Block is conveniently located near the Cross Island Pipeline in Moruga, which makes it an attractive proposition for the supply of natural gas to Atlantic LNG. On acquiring the Block, they also took on an existing domestic gas supply agreement with the Petroleum Company of Trinidad Tobago Limited (Petrotrin). The transportation of this natural gas to the NGC network constitutes BG TT’s first sales of liquids in the country. 1. Problem Description: This project will provide guidelines for implementing an asset tracking solution at BG TT’s IM (Information Management) department. The system is needed to assist the Helpdesk Administrator to keep track of a large variety of physical computer equipment as they are bought, stored and assigned to the company’s employees. Currently there is a manual system that entails the use of a notebook to record and track the assignment of computer and computer related equipment. Inventory levels are checked periodically and recorded using the manual paper system. The most common method for tracking assets is to record transactions as they happen. As a result inventories are time consuming and almost impossible to maintain accuracy since assets move around on a daily basis. Also the data collected during any inventory is outdated before the finished reports are published. An asset tracking system needs to be able to produce reports that will help the organization make intelligent business decisions. The department wanted to streamline its equipment checkout process. The objective is to computerize the current manual process in order to make the equipment checkout processes fast and accurate. The computerization of this process will simplify paperwork and provide electronic storage of data. Because of the amount of equipment to be checked out every day and the number of members involved, the workload for staff members in the department increases every year. The operating cost includes the maintenance cost of the equipment and their inventory. Some of the problems faced by the staff members are listed below: †¢ Each piece of equipment is individually marked for identification purposes; however, there isn’t a method to allow a user to backtrack or check into certain equipment in terms of its usability and for maintenance purposes. This often leaves the user with an uncertainty on how good the equipment is in a given. Lack of information on the status and maintenance of equipment leads to bad quality of equipment because of unperformed maintenance. This, in turn, may cause customer dissatisfaction when poorly conditioned equipment is being given out. †¢ Manually completing forms creates another issue due to hand-writing. That is, more than one person will be handling the forms and each person has a different style of hand-writing. This leads to misunderstanding of the information on the forms, especially when maintenance requests are entered by one staff member and not understood properly by another staff member. †¢ Forms could be easily misplaced, thus resulting in missing documents. Human errors on checking forms for completeness could result in incomplete form. †¢ The equipment check-in and checkout processes are difficult and involves extensive labor to get the work done right. Currently, a staff member is required to manually check each equipment that is being checked out for the day and make sure things are getting checked in correctly. On top of that, the staff member is required to tally up all equipment before closing of the business on that day to make certain that all equipment are in place; otherwise, they may have equipment shortages and may have to reorder. 2. Proposed Solution: The aim of this project is to develop the inventory system that can be applied in the current IM Department. The objectives are: †¢ to identify the problems involved in the implementation of the current inventory system; †¢ to identify the needs of a systematic inventory system; †¢ To develop the prototype of the inventory system that can be implemented. The eventual inventory system will be a DBMS that will control the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. The DBMS will accept requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organizations information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system. The proposed DMS will have the following basic features: †¢ Provides a way to structure data as records, tables, or objects †¢ Accepts data input from operators and stores that data for later retrieval †¢ Provides query languages for searching, sorting, reporting, and other decision support activities that help users correlate and make sense of collected data A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that enables users to define, create, and maintain the database and provide controlled access to this database. The DBMS is the software that interacts with the users’ application programs and the database. Typically, a DBMS provides the following facilities: †¢ It allows users to insert, update, delete and retrieve data from the database usually through a Data Manipulation Language (DML). Having a central repository for all data and descriptions allows the DML to provide general enquiry facility to this data, called a query language. The provision of a query language alleviates the problems with file-based systems where the user has to work with a fixed set of queries or there is a proliferation programs, giving major software management problems. †¢ It provides controlled access to the database. For example, it may provide: ? An integrity system, which maintains the consistency of stored data; ? A user-accessible catalog, which contains description of the data in the database. The proposed solution takes care of the CRUD features of the database software namely the following: a. Create the storage structures – It implies that the storage structures can be created and modified for the change in the database or the information system.

Marks and Spencer: Internal and External Analysis

Marks and Spencer: Internal and External Analysis MS is a great brand. It is one of the UKs leading retailers. The company operates in about 41 countries worldwide with UK as its primary market and employs about 76,000 people. MS deals in clothing, food, home, financial services and online services. To develop the suitable business strategy for its growth particularly focusing on Plan A, there have been discussed MS internal external environments. Strategic impact of external environment on MS has also been discussed. Major challenges facing MS and competitive advantages of MS have been discussed. MS is a market leader so that market leader strategy and suggestions have been given. INTRODUCTION The study encompasses a report about the MS, to develop the strategy for its growth focusing on Plan A. Marks Spencer launched Plan A in January 2007, setting out 100 commitments to achieve in 5 years. The discussion has been described in detail about the core analysis of MS internal and external environment, SWOT analysis of MS has been included. Debenhams has been selected closest competitor of MS because they have a comparable product base. Strengths Weaknesses of DEB have been described. It also consists upon the current economic obstacles and the remedies to remove these obstacles. For this reason, books, newspapers, magazines, and websites have been consulted. LITERATURE REVIEW REFERENCES SOURCES: BOOKS/NEWS PAPERS/JOURNALS,MAGAZINES DIGESTS BOOKS: 01. Fundamentals of Marketing by William J. Stanton, Michael J. Etzel, Bruce J. Walker, 10th Edition, Published and Printed in The United States of America by McGraw-Hill, Inc. 02. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition, Volume 7, Published by Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. United States of America. British Library. NEWS PAPERS: The Guardian www.guardian.co.uk/ JOURNALS,MAGAZINES DIGEST European Retail Digest  | The University of Manchester www.readinglists.manchester.ac.uk/ Web Sites: web.ebscohost.com (British Library) www.marksandspencer.com/ http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/company_overview http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=15053580site=ehost-live http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/marksspencer?INTCMP=SRCH http://plana.marksandspencer.com/media/pdf/planA-2010.pdf http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/mscareers/opportunities/shared_services_admin/ssa_hr www.datamonitor.com http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/free-marketing-essays/marketing-retail-assignment/ http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/free-marketing-essays/marketing-retail-assignment/ Brief History of Marks Spencer: MS is a major retailer of clothing. It is headquartered in London. MS started its business in 1884 as a stall in an open market in Leeds. Then known as Marks Penny Bazaar, it was the household goods, toy, and sheet-music business of Michael Marks, a Jewish refugee from Poland. In 1894 he started partnership with Thomas Spencer. Marks son Simon transformed the business from outdoor stalls to indoor shops. He purchased Brookes Brothers, the oldest U.S. clothing retailer in 1988 but sold it in 2001. (1) MS products, including food, clothing and household goods have been selling under the St. Michael brand name in most parts of the world.(2) The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition, Volume 7, Published by, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Printed in The United States of America. (British Library). Aldridge, Roger, Autumn1995, Growth Strategies A Case Study in Internationalisation. [online]. European Retail Digest, Issue 8, p25-32, Available from: (http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=15053580site=ehost-live), [Accessed 15 March 2011 03:12 PM] (British Library). Marks Spencer Overview: MS is one of the UKs leading retailers. MS offer stylish, high quality, great value clothing, home products and best quality foods. There are over 75,000 people working at MS in the UK and abroad, and over 600 UK stores. MS is expanding its business globally. MS is the number one provider of womenswear in the UK, and is rapidly growing market share in menswear, kids wear, home, and online business. (Company Overview) Available from: (http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/company_overview) [Accessed 11 April 2011 at 4:24 PM] Stock Chart for MS, March 2011-April 2011 One Month Chart for MARKS SP. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/marksspencer?INTCMP=SRCH [Accessed 12 April 2011 at 03:09 AM] [online] Something About Plan A Marks Spencer launched Plan A in January 2007, with aim to 100 commitments to achieve in 5 years. Marks Spencer has now extended Plan A to 180 commitments to achieve by 2015. The goal of it to become the worlds number one retailer. MS has now achieved 62 of its 100 Plan A commitments set in 2007. (1) Marks Spencers 7th annual report. Published in June 2010. http://plana.marksandspencer.com/media/pdf/planA-2010.pdf (Consulted on 20/03/2011) Analysis of MSs Internal Environment: MS is the market leader in clothing due its range and quality. Leadership in clothing converted MS into market leader in department stores. In this section, the discussion would be on the following key points: Financial Resources Human Resources Company Image Learning and development Location Production Facilities (1) Strengths Weaknesses Financial Resources: The company earned  £9,536.6 million profit during the financial year ended April 2010. (DATAMONITOR. 2010. Marks and Spencer Group plc. Available from: www.datamonitor.com [Accessed 22 March 2011]. Human Resources: In this area MS has a number of teams, including Payroll, Pensions, Learning and HR Administration. MS also has a general recruitment team who manage all store and head office recruitment. (Human Resources. http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/mscareers/opportunities/shared_services_admin/ssa_hr [Accessed 09 April 2011 at 02:28 AM] ). William J. Stanton, Michael J. Etzel, Bruce J. Walker Fundamentals of Marketing 10th edition, International edition (1994), Page # 54, McGraw-Hill, Inc. United States of America. Company Image: MS is a top company for responsible business. Marks Spencer has been recognised as the top company in the UK for responsible business. MS was named Company of the Year 2006, at Business in the Communitys Awards for Excellence. (http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/documents/press_releases/pr/businessinthecommunity.pdf) [Accessed 09 April 2011 at 02:40 AM] Learning Development: MS provide in-depth training and performance coaching to the employees for their development. (http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/mscareers/learning_development) [Accessed 09 April 2011] Location: MS has over  600 stores throughout the UK. MSs largest store is located at Marble Arch on Londons Oxford Street. http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/where/uk_stores [Accessed 09 April 2011] Production Facilities: MS is the worlds first retailer who is using palm oil in its products.   This palm oil has been used in almost 1,000 MS food, beauty and home products each year.   (http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/investors/press_releases/sustainablepalmoil) [Accessed 09 April 2011 at 03:48 AM] Strengths Weaknesses of MS: Strengths of MS: MS has a strong market position in the clothing segment. MS leads the market in womenswear, lingerie and menswear and have an expanding childrenswear business. MS has been very successful in capturing its customers segment through its different product offer, in-store service and garment quality. Some other key points are: Reputation/Brand Market position Quality products Online shopping Weaknesses of MS: The average shelf life for MS products is 3 to 5 days, compared with supermarket dry shelf products with 3 to 4 weeks shelf life. It is a high price for consumers. Cost-conscious people are much concerned about the price. MS stores have competitive disadvantages as compared to Tesco. Tesco stores have been carefully designed with good store layouts. MS stores have not been carefully designed with good layout. This is a clear competitive disadvantage compared to Tesco. (1) Some other key points are: Slow to change Lack of newness Clothing: does not appeal to younger womens taste Analysis of MSs External Environment: In this section the discussion would be on following key points: There are two levels of external environment: External Macro environment External Micro environment Marks Spencer Group, PLC SWOT Analysis; Nov2010, p1-13, DATAMONITOR: Marks and Spencer Group plc. Marks Spencer Group Company Report, Available from: (http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=58451839site=ehost-live), [Accessed 15 March 2011 02:55 PM], British Library. In external macro environment, key points would be: People Economic Conditions Competitors Analysis Social and cultural Aspects Political and legal Aspects Technology In external micro environment, key points would be: The market Suppliers Marketing Intermediaries (1) And Opportunities Threats. External Macro Environment: People: The first external environmental factor is population because the people make up the markets. We know that MS is trying to fulfill the need, want and demand of its customers by their age groups, marital status, gents, ladies, kids, old aged people, and brand quality conscious people and to the higher number of home shopping or internet/online shopping. Economic Conditions: Economic conditions or changes effect the total market size. MS has strong customer segment even in this challenging economic environment. MS has increased the share of the clothing market. (1) William J. Stanton, Michael J. Etzel, Bruce J. Walker Fundamentals of Marketing 10th edition, International edition (1994), Page # 42,53,54 , McGraw-Hill, Inc. United States of America. Competitors Analysis Competitors of MS are many. Because MS sells a lot of different products. There is long list of its competitors, like, BHS, Debenhams, Derrys, House of Fraser, Sainsbury, Tesco, and Morrisons. But MS is best known for its clothes. So that I have selected Debenhams closest competitor of MS. This selection has been made because they have a comparable product base. Strengths of Debenhams: Reputation Good product mix and brand selection Latest designers better up-to-date with current trends. Attractive Advertisement. Weaknesses of Debenhams: Internationally, theyre not well known as compared with MS. Theyre competing mainly in the domestic market. (1) Social and Cultural Aspects: Life-styles, social values, beliefs have significant marketing implications and MS has capability to cope with change. Political Legal Aspects: Every company is influenced by the political and legal processes. These forces, such as, monetary and fiscal policies, social legislation and regulation, and governmental relationships with industries. Technology: Technological changes, change the business style. http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/free-marketing-essays/marketing-retail-assignment/, [Accessed 11 April 2011]. - External Micro Environment: The Market, Suppliers and Marketing Intermediaries are also effect the organization. Opportunities Threats of MS: Opportunities: Expansion abroad (India and China), and investment in other countries. (1) Threats: Due to strong competition MS losses market share, especially in food sector. (http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/free-marketing-essays/marketing-retail-assignment/), [Accessed 11 April 2011, at 11:52 PM] Major Challenges Facing the MS: MS has made progress, but still face some challenges to meet the original 2012 targets. Government has changed the rules for renewable electricity so MS is working in partnership with BRE/Pure to meet its commitments. Marks Spencer Group, PLC SWOT Analysis; Nov2010, p1-13, DATAMONITOR: Marks and Spencer Group plc. Marks Spencer Group Company Report, Available from: (http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=58451839site=ehost-live), [Accessed 15 March 2011], British Library. MS has a wide range of food; and sales of food have continued to decline in the current economic climate. (1) External Environmental Strategic Impact on MS: The retail industry is generally a very dynamic, fast changing sector. Companies have to be keeping themselves to aware about the market, to know any new trend and they have to keep up with the customers increasing expectations and changing tastes. Nowadays, it is becoming more and more difficult and challenging to keep the customer satisfied and loyal customers preferences change quickly. Above mentioned analysis of external environment of MS has a strong effect on it. MS is among the top 6 UK retailers. External issues have the strategic impact on MS as: Fast changing Market Economic conditions. Consumers change of taste. Marks Spencers 7th annual report. Published in June 2010. http://plana.marksandspencer.com/media/pdf/planA-2010.pdf [Accessed 12 April 2011 at 3:33 PM] Slow economy. Increased competition from locally and from foreign companies. (1) Competitive Advantages of MS and How MS will achieve it: MS is the market leader both in clothing and department stores. Reputation and brand of MS is globally recognised. Internationally, DEB is not well known as compared with MS. DEB is competing mainly in the domestic market. MS regularly checks the salaries against other retailers to make sure that it is competitive. For this reason MS continuously reviews the basic pay every year. MS also offer extra performance rewards to recognise individual achievement. (2) MS is continuously offering these rewards benefits: Competitive Salary, Bonus Scheme, Holidays, Employee discount, Pension Plan, Additional benefits (like: discounted gym membership, savings on tickets for amusement parks, joining fees for health clubs and reductions at a variety of UK holiday resorts.). (3) (1). http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/free-marketing-essays/marketing-retail-assignment/, [Accessed 12 April 2011 at 5:00PM]. (2): (http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/mscareers/rewards_benefits), [Accessed 12 April 2011 at 11:43 PM]. (3) (http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/mscareers/opportunities/trainee_management_scheme/trainee_benefits_rewards), [Accessed 13 April 2011 at 12:27 AM]. NEED OF STRATEGY FOR THE GROWTH OF MS Need of developing the strategy for the growth of MS focusing on Plan A is to make moves, plans and strategies for expanding the market or enlarging the share of existing market and keeping them secure. It helps an organization better cope with the changes that occur in market place from time to time. MS is a market leader in retail industry and under mentioned are the suitable business strategies for the MS. Market Leader Strategy: The company has the largest market share in the relevant products market. The market leader should look for new users, new uses, and more usage of its products. MS must defend its market share market segment. SUGGESTIONS: Distinctive Competence: MS must determine its distinctive competence over its competitors. So that it can made strengths over them. Distinctive competence may exist in the form of: Low cost of production competence. Mass production competence. Access to cheap sources of raw material. Product quality variety. Financial Technological competence. Capability to cope with change. An organizations capability to cope with change is a very good strong point. MS must continue with the market changes with better marketing policies and effective functional programmes. Name Indexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Subject Indexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..